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any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity

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小嚢(しょうのう),卵胞 / (植物の)袋果(たいか)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/31 13:35:45」(JST)

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An antral follicle (or Graafian follicle) is an ovarian follicle during a certain latter stage of folliculogenesis.

Definitions differ in where the shift into an antral follicle occurs in the staging of folliculogenesis, with some stating that it occurs when entering the secondary stage,^[1] and others stating that it occurs when entering the tertiary stage.^[2]

Appearance[edit source | edit]

It is marked by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity adjacent to the oocyte called the antrum. The basic structure of the mature follicle has formed and no novel cells are detectable. Granulosa and theca cells continue to undergo mitosis concomitant with an increase in antrum volume. Antral follicles can attain a tremendous size that is hampered only by the availability of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which it is dependent on in this stage of folliculogenesis.

By command of an oocyte-secreted morphogenic gradient, the antral follicle's granulosa cells begin to differentiate themselves into four distinct subtypes: corona radiata that surrounds the zona pellucida, membrana that's interior to the basal lamina, periantral that's adjacent to the antrum, and cumulus oophorous that connects the membrana and corona radiata granulosa cells together. Each type of cell behaves differently in response to FSH.

Endocrine properties[edit source | edit]

Theca cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH). LH kicks off the production of androgens by the theca cells, most notably androstenedione, which are aromatized by granulosa cells to produce estrogens, primarily estradiol. Consequently, estrogen levels begin to rise.

Antral follicle count[edit source | edit]

The antral follicle count (AFC) is the number of antral follicles, generally in both ovaries taken together if not else specified. It can be determined by transvaginal ultrasonography.

A low AFC is a major factor in the diagnosis of poor ovarian reserve, that is, low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries, usually accompanied by high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Several studies show that an AFC test is more accurate than basal FSH testing for older women (< 44 years of age) in predicting IVF outcome.^[3] However, it does not appear to add any predictive information about success rates of an already established pregnancy after IVF.^[4]

It is also a major determinant of the success of ovarian hyperstimulation.

Further information: Poor ovarian reserve#Antral follicle count and Ovarian hyperstimulation#Response predictors

References[edit source | edit]

^ Page 769, section "formation of the antrum" in: Sherwood, Lauralee. (2010). Human physiology : from cells to system. Australia ; United States: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-39184-5.
^ Page 76 in: Vandenhurk, R.; Bevers, M.; Beckers, J. (1997). "In-vivo and in-vitro development of preantral follicles". Theriogenology 47: 73–82. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00341-X. edit
^ Klinkert, Ellen R, et al.,2005. "The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with acceptable pregnancy prospects after in vitro fertilization." Fertility and Sterility, 83(3), 811-814.
^ Broer, S. L.; Van Disseldorp, J.; Broeze, K. A.; Dolleman, M.; Opmeer, B. C.; Bossuyt, P.; Eijkemans, M. J. C.; Mol, B. -W. J. et al. (2012). "Added value of ovarian reserve testing on patient characteristics in the prediction of ovarian response and ongoing pregnancy: An individual patient data approach". Human Reproduction Update 19 (1): 26–36. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms041. PMID 23188168. |displayauthors= suggested (help) edit

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発性皮膚濾胞中心リンパ腫 primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
2. 濾胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、診断、および予後 clinical manifestations pathologic features diagnosis and prognosis of follicular lymphoma
3. 体外受精（IFV） in vitro fertilization
4. 原発性早期卵巣障害（早期卵巣機能不全）の病因と原因 pathogenesis and causes of spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency premature ovarian failure
5. 閉経の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause

English Journal

Disordered follicle development.

Chang RJ, Cook-Andersen H.SourceDivision of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0633, United States. Electronic address: rjchang@ucsd.edu.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2013 Jul 5;373(1-2):51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
Alterations of ovarian follicle morphology and function have been well documented in women with PCOS. These include increased numbers of growing preantral follicles, failure of follicle growth beyond the mid-antral stage, evidence of granulosa call degeneration, and theca cell hyperplasia. Functiona
PMID 22874072

Rapamycin preserves the follicle pool reserve and prolongs the ovarian lifespan of female rats via modulating mTOR activation and sirtuin expression.

Zhang XM, Li L, Xu JJ, Wang N, Liu WJ, Lin XH, Fu YC, Luo LL.SourceDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, 515041, China.
Gene.Gene.2013 Jul 1;523(1):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.039. Epub 2013 Apr 6.
To maintain the normal length of female reproductive life, the majority of primordial follicles must be maintained in a quiescent state for later use. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of rapamycin on primordial follicle development and investigate the role of mTOR and sirtuin signaling.
PMID 23566837

Metabolomic changes in follicular fluid induced by soy isoflavones administered to rats from weaning until sexual maturity.

Wang W, Zhang W, Liu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Li H, Xiao S, Shen X.SourceDepartment of Nutrition and Health Care, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.2013 Jun 15;269(3):280-9. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.005. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Female Wistar rats at 21days of age were treated with one of three concentrations of soy isoflavones (SIF) (50, 100 or 200mg/kg body weight, orally, once per day) from weaning until sexual maturity (3months) in order to evaluate the influence of SIF on ovarian follicle development. After treatment,
PMID 23454585

Japanese Journal

Atlas of Human Oogonia and Folliculogenesis

SATHANANTHAN Arunachalam Henry,SELVARAJ Kamala
Journal of mammalian ova research = 日本哺乳動物卵子学会誌 27(3), 106-113, 2010-10-01
NAID 10027595012

Morphological characterization of the ovary under normal cycling in rats and its viewpoints of ovarian toxicity detection

Yoshida Midori,Sanbuissyo Atsushi,Hisada Shigeru,Takahashi Michihito,Ohno Yasuo,Nishikawa Akiyoshi
Journal of toxicological sciences 34(Special_Issue_I), SP189-SP197, 2009-02
… The large antral and Graafian follicles and large sized atretic follicles showed sequential changes depending on the estrous cycle stage. … Thus morphological analysis that is synchronized the large antral follicle changes with recently formed CL ones allows the ovary to be classified into the each estrous cycle stage. …
NAID 110007114390

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「卵胞」「グラーフ卵胞」

「卵胞」

　　[★]

英: follicle (Z), ovarian follicle
ラ: folliculus ovaricus, folliculus ovarii
同: 卵巣濾胞

卵胞の発育

最初、原始卵胞はFSHに依存せずに生育していき、顆粒膜細胞層が3層になった頃(一次卵胞)にFSH受容体を発現し、FSH依存性に生育していく。
月経周期の初期には下垂体からのFSH分泌が増加して(月経周期参照)、ゴナドトロピン刺激とは無関係に発育してきた卵胞をさらに刺激してグラーフ卵胞へと発達させる。FSHによる刺激がない場合には卵胞は変性し閉鎖卵胞となる。(NGY.26)
(ゴナドトロピンの刺激を受けた？)卵胞は1-2mm/dayの割合で大きくなり、5mmで超音波エコーにて描出される。
排卵前には約20mmとなる。

「グラーフ卵胞」

　　[★]

英: Graafian follicle, graafian follicle
同: Graaf卵胞、成熟卵胞、三次卵胞 folliculus ovaricus tertiarius
関: 卵胞、濾胞細胞

月経周期1-14日の間に卵胞発育が起こり(成長速度は1-2mm/day(QB.Q-15))、約2mmの卵胞は排卵時には20mm以上に増大する。(NGY.27)
5mm以上でエコーで描出される(QB.Q-15)

[Lauralee2010-1] Page 769, section "formation of the antrum" in: Sherwood, Lauralee. (2010). Human physiology : from cells to system. Australia ; United States: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-39184-5.

[Hurk1997-2] Page 76 in: Vandenhurk, R.; Bevers, M.; Beckers, J. (1997). "In-vivo and in-vitro development of preantral follicles". Theriogenology 47: 73–82. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00341-X. edit

[3] Klinkert, Ellen R, et al.,2005. "The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with acceptable pregnancy prospects after in vitro fertilization." Fertility and Sterility, 83(3), 811-814.

[4] Broer, S. L.; Van Disseldorp, J.; Broeze, K. A.; Dolleman, M.; Opmeer, B. C.; Bossuyt, P.; Eijkemans, M. J. C.; Mol, B. -W. J. et al. (2012). "Added value of ovarian reserve testing on patient characteristics in the prediction of ovarian response and ongoing pregnancy: An individual patient data approach". Human Reproduction Update 19 (1): 26–36. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms041. PMID 23188168. |displayauthors= suggested (help) edit

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Graafian follicle