出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/23 08:52:00」(JST)
| GM1 | |
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IUPAC name
(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[(E,2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-(icosanoylamino)icos-4-enoxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid |
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Other names
Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 37758-47-7 Y |
| PubChem | 5497107 |
| ChemSpider | 4593688 Y |
| MeSH | G(M1)+Ganglioside |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C77H139N3O31 |
| Molar mass | 1,602.93 g mol−1 |
| Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
GM1 (monosialotetrahexosylganglioside) the "prototype" ganglioside, is a member of the ganglio series of gangliosides which contain one sialic acid residue. GM1 has important physiological properties and impacts neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, and the release of neurotrophins in the brain. Besides its function in the physiology of the brain, GM1 acts as the site of binding for both Cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Traveller's diarrhea).[1][2]
Antibodies to GM1 are increased in Guillain-Barré syndrome, dementia and lupus but their function is not clear.[3] There is some evidence to suggest these antibodies are associated with diarrhea in Guillain-Barré syndrome.[4]
The bacteria Vibrio cholerae produces a multimeric toxin called the cholera toxin. The secreted toxin attaches to the surface of the host mucosa cell by binding to GM1 gangliosides. GM1 consists of a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide covalently attached to a ceramid lipid. The A1 subunit of this toxin will gain entry to intestinal epithelial cells with the assistance of the B subunit via the GM1 ganglioside receptor. Once inside, the A1 subunit will ADP ribosylate the Gs alpha subunit which will prevent its GTPase activity. This will lock it in the active state and it will continuously stimulate adenylate cyclase. The sustained adenylate cyclase activity will lead to a sustained increase of cAMP which will cause electrolyte and water loss, causing diarrhea.[citation needed]
Fortunately, the SGLT1 receptor is present in the small intestine. When the cholera patient is given a solution containing water, sodium and glucose, the SGLT1 receptor will reabsorb sodium and glucose, while water will be passively absorbed with the sodium. This will replace the water and electrolyte loss in the cholera induced diarrhea.
Because of GM1's close role in neurotrophic repair mechanisms, it has been investigated as a potential method to potentially slow or even reverse the progression of a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions. Controlled phase II studies have indicated that GM1 can ease the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease, presumidly by countering degeneration of the substantia nigra,[5] and a similar methodolgy has been pursued to try and limit cellular damage from necrosis and apoptosis occurring after acute spinal cord injury.[6]
Sphingolipidoses
Structures of GM1, GM2, GM3 gangliosides
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| 関連記事 | 「G」 |