出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/18 02:12:28」(JST)
| 「ESA」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「ESA (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
| European Space Agency | |
|---|---|
| 正式名称 | European Space Agency |
| 略称 | ESA |
| 予算 | 40.2億ユーロ（2012年） |
| ウェブサイト | www.esa.int |
| テンプレートを表示 | |
欧州宇宙機関（おうしゅううちゅうきかん、英: European Space Agency, ESA、イサ）は、ヨーロッパ各国が共同で設立した、宇宙開発・研究機関である。設立参加国は当初10か国、現在は19か国が参加し、2000人を超えるスタッフがいる。
本部はフランスに置かれ、その活動でもフランス国立宇宙センター (CNES) が重要な役割を果たし、ドイツ・イタリアがそれに次ぐ地位を占める。主な射場としてフランス領ギアナのギアナ宇宙センターを用いている。
人工衛星打上げロケットのアリアンシリーズを開発し、アリアンスペース社（商用打上げを実施）を通じて世界の民間衛星打ち上げ実績を述ばしている。2010年には契約残数ベースで過去に宇宙開発などで存在感を放ったソビエト連邦の後継国のロシア、スペースシャトル、デルタ、アトラスといった有力な打ち上げ手段を持つアメリカに匹敵するシェアを占めるにおよび[1]、2014年には受注数ベースで60%のシェアを占めるにいたった[2][3]。
ESA は欧州連合と密接な協力関係を有しているが、欧州連合の専門機関ではない。リスボン条約によって修正された欧州連合の機能に関する条約の第189条第3項では、「欧州連合は欧州宇宙機関とのあいだにあらゆる適切な関係を築く」と規定されている。
西欧諸国では、当初は個々の国、特にイギリスやフランスで独自に宇宙開発を行っていたが、それでは米ソの熾烈な競争から生まれる成果に対抗できないため、欧州共同の開発計画が組織された。まず1964年に欧州ロケット開発機構 (European Launcher Development Organization; ELDO) を設立し、打上ロケット（ヨーロッパ1およびヨーロッパ2）の開発を進めるが、難航した。また、欧州宇宙研究機構 (European Space Research Organization; ESRO) では、打上はアメリカに依頼することで、探査機や人工衛星の研究開発を行っていた。しかし、より効果的な宇宙開発計画の実現を目指して、1975年、欧州各国は ESA を設立するとともに、新しい打上ロケットとしてアリアンの開発を推進し、1979年にアリアン1ロケット初の打上に成功、以後アリアンスペースを設立して打上ビジネスに参入し、アリアン2、アリアン3、アリアン4、アリアン5を開発した。
また、人工衛星による地球観測や、惑星など太陽系内の天体観測のための探査機の研究開発にも力を入れ、アメリカ航空宇宙局 (NASA) との共同研究も行っている。
ESA は有人宇宙船を有しておらず、有人宇宙飛行を行なっていない。1970年代よりスペースシャトルのような再利用打上機を検討し、1987年からはエルメスを計画した。1995年就役を目指し、エルメス打上げにも利用できるアリアン5も開発した。しかし、冷戦の終結や開発費用の問題により、エルメスはキャンセルされた。2000年代には CSTS による輸送も検討されたが、これも中止されている。国際宇宙ステーションへの有人宇宙飛行にはスペースシャトルやソユーズを利用して参加している。
主力のアリアンを補完する中・小型衛星用の打上げシステムとして、低軌道用のヴェガの開発も行い2012年から運用を開始した。
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2000年にポルトがルが15ヶ国目として参加、2005年3月にギリシャが16カ国目として参加、2005年6月にルクセンブルクが17カ国目として参加、2008年11月にチェコが18カ国目として参加、2011年12月にルーマニアが19カ国目として参加、2012年9月にポーランドが20カ国目として参加。 上記以外にハンガリーとスロベニア、エストニア（エストニアは2015年2月4日に加盟文書に署名、手続きが終了すれば21ヶ国目の参加国になる予定[5]）、ラトビアが参加予定の協力国 (PECS: Plan for European Cooporating State) として加わり[6]、キプロス、トルコ、ウクライナが協力協定に調印している。またカナダは1979年から特別協力国の地位を持つ。カナダ宇宙庁は ESA の意思決定に参画している。
ESA の予算は2005年度は29億7700万ユーロ、2006年は29億400万ユーロであった[7]。ESA の予算の大部分はロケットの開発である（22%の予算がロケットにつぎ込まれており、有人飛行が次に多い）。2005年は負担額の大きい3か国が全体の3分の2を負担しており、その内訳はフランス (29.3%)、ドイツ (22.7%)、イタリア (14.2%) である[8]。
| 参加国 | 必須 Contr. |
選択 Contr. |
計 (単位:百万€.) |
計 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| フランス | 15.63% | 31.55% | 778.8 | 27.97% |
| ドイツ | 23.41% | 21.45% | 614.8 | 22.08% |
| イタリア | 12.88% | 14.59% | 397.9 | 14.29% |
| イギリス | 16.93% | 5.91% | 239.3 | 8.59% |
| ベルギー | 2.83% | 7.37% | 167.4 | 6.34% |
| スペイン | 6.87% | 5.76% | 169.0 | 6.07% |
| スイス | 3.40% | 3.49% | 97.3 | 3.49% |
| オランダ | 4.43% | 2.87% | 90.9 | 3.26% |
| スウェーデン | 2.61% | 2.11% | 62.5 | 2.25% |
| オーストリア | 2.26% | 0.87% | 33.7 | 1.21% |
| ノルウェー | 1.70% | 1.02% | 33.2 | 1.19% |
| デンマーク | 1.82% | 0.78% | 28.8 | 1.03% |
| フィンランド | 1.37% | 0.54% | 20.7 | 0.74% |
| アイルランド | 0.95% | 0.30% | 12.8 | 0.46% |
| ポルトガル | 1.40% | 0.21% | 12.7 | 0.45% |
| ギリシャ | 1.50% | 0.12% | 12.5 | 0.43% |
| ルクセンブルク | 0.21% | 0.13% | 4.2 | 0.15% |
| [ヘルプ] |
| ウィキメディア・コモンズには、欧州宇宙機関に関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
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| この項目は、宇宙開発に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:宇宙開発／Portal:宇宙開発）。 |
Agence spatiale européenne
| Acronym |
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|---|---|
| Owner |
22 European states
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| Established | May 30, 1975; 40 years ago |
| Headquarters | Paris, Île-de-France, France |
| Primary spaceport | Guiana Space Centre |
| Administrator | Johann-Dietrich Wörner Director General |
| Budget | €4.43 billion / £3.38 billion / US$5.15 billion (2015)[1] |
| Official language(s) | English, French and German[2] |
| Website | www |
The European Space Agency (ESA; French: Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.28 billion / US$5.51 billion (2013).[3]
ESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight, mainly through the participation in the International Space Station programme, the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon, Earth observation, science, telecommunication as well as maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana, and designing launch vehicles. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.
Its facilities are distributed among the following 5 research centres:
After World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realized solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi and Pierre Auger, two prominent members of the Western European scientific community at that time, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries, including Harrie Massey (UK).
The Western European nations decided to have two different agencies, one concerned with developing a launch system, ELDO (European Launch Development Organization), and the precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites.
ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. ESA has 10 founding member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[4] These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion.[2] ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, Cos-B, a space probe monitoring gamma-ray emissions in the universe first worked on by ESRO.
ESA joined NASA in the IUE, the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated very successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup. Hipparcos, a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses and the Hubble Space Telescope were all jointly carried out with NASA. Recent scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing module Huygens.
As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. Ariane 1, launched in 1979, brought mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two developments of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader[citation needed] in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding Ariane 5 experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 56 successful launches as of September 2011. The successor launch vehicle of Ariane 5, the Ariane 6 is already in the definition stage and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s.
The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, CSA and Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientific space research. Although ESA had relied on cooperation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the United States military) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on cooperation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:[5]
Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already under way in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.
Most notable for its new self-confidence are ESA's own recent successful missions SMART-1, a probe testing cutting-edge new space propulsion technology, the Mars Express and Venus Express missions as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the ISS partnership. ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as Corot, launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in the search for extra-solar planets.
The treaty establishing the European Space Agency reads:[6]
ESA's purpose shall be to provide for, and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems
ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as much as possible.[6]
Jean-Jacques Dordain ESA's Director General (since 2003) outlined the European Space Agency's mission in a 2003 interview:[7]
Today space activities are pursued for the benefit of citizens, and citizens are asking for a better quality of life on earth. They want greater security and economic wealth, but they also want to pursue their dreams, to increase their knowledge, and they want younger people to be attracted to the pursuit of science and technology.
I think that space can do all of this: it can produce a higher quality of life, better security, more economic wealth, and also fulfill our citizens' dreams and thirst for knowledge, and attract the young generation. This is the reason space exploration is an integral part of overall space activities. It has always been so, and it will be even more important in the future.
ESA is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states.[8] Member states participate to varying degrees in the mandatory (25% of total expenditures in 2008) and optional space programmes (75% of total expenditures in 2008).[9] The 2008 budget amounted to €3.0 billion the 2009 budget to €3.6 billion.[10] The total budget amounted to about €3.7 billion in 2010, €3.99 billion in 2011, €4.02 billion in 2012, €4.28 billion in 2013 and €4.10 billion in 2014.[3][11][12][13] Languages generally used are English and French. Additionally, official documents are also provided in German and documents regarding the Spacelab are also provided in Italian. If found appropriate, the agency may conduct its correspondence in any language of a member state.[2]
The following table lists all the member states and adjunct members, their ESA convention ratification dates, and their contributions in 2015:[1]
| Member state | ESA convention | National programme | Contr. (mill. €) |
Contr. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria[note 1] | 1986-12-30 | FFG | 7001515000000000000♠51.5 | 7000160000000000000♠1.6% |
| Belgium[note 2] | 1978-10-03 | BELSPO | 7002189500000000000♠189.5 | 7000580000000000000♠5.8% |
| Czech Republic[note 3] | 2008-11-12 | Ministry of Transport | 7001142000000000000♠14.2 | 6999400000000000000♠0.4% |
| Denmark[note 2] | 1977-09-15 | DTU Space | 7001268000000000000♠26.8 | 6999800000000000000♠0.8% |
| Estonia[note 3] | 2015-02-04 | ESO | 6999800000000000000♠0.8 | 6999100000000000000♠0.1% |
| Finland [note 3] | 1995-01-01 | TEKES | 7001196000000000000♠19.6 | 6999600000000000000♠0.6% |
| France[note 2] | 1980-10-30 | CNES | 7002718200000000000♠718.2 | 7001222000000000000♠22.2% |
| Germany[note 2] | 1977-07-26 | DLR | 7002797400000000000♠797.4 | 7001246000000000000♠24.6% |
| Greece[note 3] | 2005-03-09 | ISARS | 7001121000000000000♠12.1 | 6999400000000000000♠0.4% |
| Hungary[note 3] | 2015-02-24 | HSO | ||
| Ireland[note 1] | 1980-12-10 | EI | 7001180000000000000♠18.0 | 6999600000000000000♠0.6% |
| Italy[note 2] | 1978-02-20 | ASI | 7002329900000000000♠329.9 | 7001102009999900000♠10.2% |
| Luxembourg[note 3] | 2005-06-30 | Luxinnovation | 7001230000000000000♠23.0 | 6999700000000000000♠0.7% |
| Netherlands[note 2] | 1979-02-06 | NSO | 7001747000000000000♠74.7 | 7000230000000099999♠2.3% |
| Norway[note 1] | 1986-12-30 | NSC | 7001598000000000000♠59.8 | 7000180000000000000♠1.8% |
| Poland[note 3] | 2012-11-19 | POLSA | 7001300000000000000♠30.0 | 6999900000000000000♠0.9% |
| Portugal[note 3] | 2000-11-14 | FCT | 7001167000000000000♠16.7 | 6999500000000000000♠0.5% |
| Romania[note 3] | 2011-12-22 | ROSA | 7001254000000000000♠25.4 | 6999800000000000000♠0.8% |
| Spain[note 2] | 1979-02-07 | INTA | 7002131690000099999♠131.7 | 7000410009999999999♠4.1% |
| Sweden[note 2] | 1976-04-06 | SNSB | 7001803000000000000♠80.3 | 7000250000000000000♠2.5% |
| Switzerland[note 2] | 1976-11-19 | SSO | 7002134900000000000♠134.9 | 7000420000000000000♠4.2% |
| United Kingdom[note 2] | 1978-03-28 | UKSA | 7002322300000000000♠322.3 | 7000990000000000000♠9.9% |
| Other | — | — | 7002149800000000000♠149.8 | 7000460000000099999♠4.6% |
| Associate members | ||||
| Canada[note 4] | 1979-01-01[22] | CSA | 7001155000000000000♠15.5 | 6999500000000000000♠0.5% |
| zaTotal members and associates | 7003324120000000000♠3,241.2 | 7002100000000000000♠100% | ||
| zb European Union[note 5] | 2004-05-28[24] | ESP | 7003119170000000000♠1,191.7 | 7001865000000000000♠86.5% |
| EUMETSATzc | — | — | 7002122400000000000♠122.4 | 7001103000000000000♠10.3% |
| zdOther income | 999999999999-99-99-0000— | 999999999999-99-99-0000— | 7001388009999900000♠38.8 | 7000330000000000000♠3.3% |
| zeTotal ESA | 7003443300000000000♠4,433.0 | 7002136800000000000♠136.8% |
Currently the only associated member of ESA is Canada.[23] Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members.
Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within the ESA. By virtue of this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in the ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in the ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.[25] The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to 2020.[26][27] For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was 6,059,449.00 Euros (CAD$8,559,050).[28]
ESA budget chart by programme for 2011 (in €m.)[11]
The ESA is funded from annual contributions by national governments as well as from an annual contribution by the European Union (EU).[29]
The 2005 budget of ESA was €2.977 billion in 2005, rising to €2.904 billion in 2006, €3.018 billion in 2008,[30] €3.600 billion in 2009,[31] €3.745 billion in 2010,[32] €3.994 billion in 2011[33] and €4.020 billion in 2012.[12][dated info] Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years. The last major conference was held at the end of 2008, setting the budget for the years to 2012.[citation needed]
The 2011 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown on the pie-chart on the right. The section called 'Other' includes Technology Development, Space Situational Awareness and spending related to European Cooperating States.[31]
Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to ESA.[34] Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT). Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example European Union Satellite Centre).
After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March 2001, the procedure for accession of the European states was detailed as described the document titled "The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS)".[35] Nations that want to become a full member of ESA do so in 3 stages. First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between the country and ESA. In this stage, the country has very limited financial responsibilities. If a country wants to cooperate more fully with ESA, it signs a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. The ECS Agreement makes companies based in the country eligible for participation in ESA procurements. The country can also participate in all ESA programmes, except for the Basic Technology Research Programme. While the financial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is still much lower than that of a full member state. The agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European Cooperating State (or PECS Charter). This is a 5-year programme of basic research and development activities aimed at improving the nation's space industry capacity. At the end of the 5-year period, the country can either begin negotiations to become a full member state or an associated state or sign a new PECS Charter.[36] Many countries, most of which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007, have started to cooperate with ESA on various levels:
| Applicant state | EU membership | Cooperation Agreement | ECS Agreement | PECS Charter(s) | National Programme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey | No | 000000002004-07-15-000015 July 2004[37] | TÜBİTAK UZAY | ||
| Ukraine | No | 000000002008-01-25-000025 January 2008[38] | SSAU | ||
| Slovenia | 2004 | 000000002008-05-28-000028 May 2008[39] | 000000002010-01-22-000022 January 2010[40] | 000000002010-11-30-000030 November 2010[41] | through MoHEST |
| Latvia | 2004 | 000000002009-07-23-000023 July 2009[42] | 000000002013-03-19-000019 March 2013[43] | 000000002015-01-30-000030 January 2015[44] | through MoES |
| Cyprus | 2004 | 000000002009-08-27-000027 August 2009[45] | through MoCW | ||
| Slovakia | 2004 | 000000002010-04-28-000028 April 2010[46] | 000000002015-02-16-000016 February 2015[47] | through MoE | |
| Lithuania | 2004 | 000000002010-10-07-00007 October 2010[48] | 10 October 2014[49] | LSA[50][51] | |
| Israel | No | 000000002011-01-30-000030 January 2011[52] | ISA | ||
| Malta | 2004 | 000000002012-02-20-000020 February 2012[53] | MCST[54] | ||
| Bulgaria | 2007 | 000000002015-04-08-00008 April 2015[55] | SRTI |
During the Ministerial Meeting in December 2014, ESA ministers approved a resolution calling for discussions to begin with Israel, Australia and South Africa on future association agreements. The ministers noted that “concrete cooperation is at an advanced stage” with these nations and that “prospects for mutual benefits are existing”.[56]
A separate space exploration strategy resolution calls for further cooperation with the United States, Russia and China on "LEO exploration, including a continuation of ISS cooperation and the development of a robust plan for the coordinated use of space transportation vehicles and systems for exploration purposes, participation in robotic missions for the exploration of the Moon, the robotic exploration of Mars, leading to a broad Mars Sample Return mission in which Europe should be involved as a full partner, and human missions beyond LEO in the longer term."[57]
| This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2015) |
The political perspective of the European Union (EU) was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014,[58] although this date was not met. The EU is already the largest single donor to ESA's budget and non-ESA EU states are observers at ESA.
The only current EU member state that has not signed an ESA Cooperation Agreement is Croatia. In December 2014, the ESA Ministerial Council authorized officials to begin discussions to establish formal cooperation with Croatia.[59]
ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at the ESA's Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.
The Ariane 5 rocket is ESA's primary launcher. It has been in service since 1997 and replaced Ariane 4. Two different variants are currently in use. The heaviest and most used version, the Ariane 5 ECA, delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes into GTO. It failed during its first test flight in 2002, but has since made 67 consecutive successful flights (as of August 2015). The other version, Ariane 5 ES, was used to launch the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to the International Space Station (ISS) and will be used to launch four Galileo navigational satellites at a time.[60][61]
In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded variant called Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life Evolution) which will increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex missions. Ariane 5 ME is scheduled to fly in 2018.[62] Some of its new features will also be adopted by the next-generation launcher, Ariane 6, planned to replace Ariane 5 in the 2020s.
ESA's Ariane 1, 2, 3 and 4 launchers (the last of which was ESA's long-time workhorse) have been retired.
Soyuz-2 (also called the Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK) is a Russian medium payload launcher (ca. 3 metric tons to GTO) which was brought into ESA service in October 2011.[63][64] ESA entered into a €340 million joint venture with the Russian Federal Space Agency over the use of the Soyuz launcher.[5] Under the agreement, the Russian agency manufactures Soyuz rocket parts for ESA, which are then shipped to French Guiana for assembly.
ESA benefits because it gains a medium payload launcher, complementing its fleet while saving on development costs. In addition, the Soyuz rocket—which has been the Russian's space launch workhorse for some 40 years—is proven technology with a very good safety record. Russia benefits in that it gets access to the Kourou launch site. Due to its proximity to the equator, launching from Kourou rather than Baikonur nearly doubles Soyuz's payload to GTO (3.0 tonnes vs. 1.7 tonnes).
Soyuz first launched from Kourou on 21 October 2011, and successfully placed two Galileo satellites into orbit 23,222 kilometres above Earth.[63]
Vega is ESA's carrier for small satellites. Developed by seven ESA members led by Italy, it is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for low polar orbit. Its maiden launch from Kourou was on 13 February 2012.[65]
The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion upper stage (the AVUM) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple payloads into different orbits.[66][67]
Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare." ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the development of the Ariane 6.[68]
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At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for unmanned space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet European in space (the first European in space being Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union) — on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Mirosław Hermaszewski and East German Sigmund Jähn in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries. In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chrétien became the first non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station.
Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir.
During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom.
In the summer of 2008, the ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected - five men and one woman.[69]
The astronauts of the European Space Agency are:
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In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle. Around 1978 it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of Hermes was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5 rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in Low-Earth orbit space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; however, the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA looked forward to cooperation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The Columbus space station programme had a similar fate.
In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested. While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in cooperation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005,[74] a cooperation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. However, a €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the Kliper project was subsequently cancelled in the summer of 2006.
In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current Soyuz design. This project is pursued with Roskosmos instead of the previously cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft is contemplated for 2008, with the major design decisions being made before the summer of 2007. In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design.[75]
In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA's Orion programme. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new manned spacecraft. ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts.[76]
In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra Nevada Corporation for cooperation in Dream Chaser project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5.[77][78]
ESA has signed cooperation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina,[79] Brazil,[80] China,[81] India[82] (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia[83] and Turkey.[84]
Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in the International Space Station together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA).
ESA is not an agency or body of the European Union (EU), and has non-EU countries Switzerland and Norway as members. There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU.[30]
There are common goals between the ESA and the EU. The ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels. On certain projects, the EU and ESA cooperate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system. Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the European Council. Under the European Space Policy of 2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing coordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space.[85]
The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA.
Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, "since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players."[86]
The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009.[87] A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance.[88]
ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments.
In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been ESA's main partner. Cassini–Huygens was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others. Also, the Hubble space telescope is a joint project of NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. NASA has committed to provide support to ESA's proposed MarcoPolo-R mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further analysis. NASA and ESA will also likely join together for a Mars Sample Return Mission.
Since China has started to invest more money into space activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships. ESA is, beside the Russian Space Agency, one of its most important partners. Recently the two space agencies cooperated in the development of the Double Star Mission.[89]
ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 in 2008.[90] ESA is also cooperating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the BepiColombo mission to Mercury.
Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in August 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and Russia's Roskosmos space agency would "carry out the first flight to Mars together."[91]
With regard to the International Space Station (ISS) ESA is not represented by all of its member states:[92] 10 of the 21 ESA member states currently participate in the project.[note 1] ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as Columbus, a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's STS-122 Space Shuttle mission and the Cupola observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA. The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which ESA has committed to paying €8 billion.[93] About 90% of the costs of ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter was the first long-term ISS crew member.
ESA has developed the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity of 7,667 kilograms (16,903 lb).[94] The first ATV, Jules Verne, was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with the ISS. This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm.
As of 2013, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian Progress and Soyuz, European ATV, Japanese Kounotori (HTV), and the USA COTS program vehicles Dragon and Cygnus.
European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space programme that was initiated in 2001.
According to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure,[95] English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages. All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well.
The EU flag is the one to be flown in space during missions (for example it was flown by ESA's Andre Kuipers during Delta mission)
The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds managed by ESA now originate from the supranational budget of the European Union.
However, in recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europe’s social, political and economic policies.
The legal basis for the EU/ESA cooperation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004. According to this agreement, the European Commission and ESA coordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC’s administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG).
ESA maintains a liaison office in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions.
In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states.
Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA’s Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration.
Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing coordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space.[98]
The four biggest ESA contributors, Germany and France followed by Italy and Britain – together account for 67 percent of the agency’s funding – and more if the annual contribution from the European Union is taken into account.
ESA Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain is aiming to reduce the agency's development and operational costs in a stark departure from past practice: Until now, the Ariane family of rockets has been built largely with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This means governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare. But in July, when Dordain presents ESA's member states with industry proposals for building the Ariane 6, he will seek government contributions based on the best value for money, not geographic return on investment. 'To have competitive launchers, we need to rethink the launch sector in Europe.'
|format= requires |url= (help). European Space Agency. pp. 112–113. | Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Space Agency. |
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Coordinates: 48°50′54″N 2°18′15″E / 48.8482°N 2.3042°E / 48.8482; 2.3042
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| リンク元 | 「エリスロポエチン製剤」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「MESA」「PESA」 |
| 関連記事 | 「ES」「E」 |
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