WordNet

Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes
the proper sphere or extent of your activities; "it was his province to take care of himself" (同)responsibility
of or relating to Canada or its people
a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma (同)Canadian River
a native or inhabitant of Canada

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(国の行政区画としての)州,省,県 / 〈U〉(権威・績任などの及ぶ)範囲,(学問・活動などの)領域,分野 / 《the provinces》(首都・大都市に対して)『地方』,いなか / 〈U〉(特定の動植物の)生息地域,繁殖地域 / 〈C〉属州(古代ローマで,ローマの支配下にあったイタリア本国以外の土地) / 〈C〉(大主教・修道会の)管区
『カナダの;カナダ人の』 / 『カナダ人』

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/25 01:08:16」(JST)

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"O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall, Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories (1965)

The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second-largest country by area. In 1867, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, on the formation of Canada, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to form the new nation. Since then, Canada's external borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867), whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the federal government. This means that while a change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment, a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the federal Parliament or government. Moreover, in modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, and each province has its own "Crown" represented by the lieutenant governor, whereas the territories are not sovereign, but simply parts of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government.

1 Location of provinces and territories
2 Provinces
- 2.1 Provincial legislature buildings
3 Territories
- 3.1 Territorial legislature buildings
4 Territorial evolution
5 Government
6 Provincial parties
7 Ceremonial territory
8 Proposed provinces and territories
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

Location of provinces and territories

A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.

Provinces

Flag	Province	Postal abbreviation	Capital^[1]	Largest city (by population)^[2]	Entered Confederation^[3]	Population (May 2011)^[4]	Area: land (km²)^[5]	Area: water (km²)^[5]	Area: total (km²)^[5]	Official language(s)^[6]	Federal Parliament: Commons seats^[7]	Federal Parliament: Senate seats^[7]
	Ontario	ON	Toronto	Toronto	01867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867	12,851,821	917,741	158,654	1,076,395	English^A	106	24
	Quebec	QC	Quebec City	Montreal	01867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867	7,903,001	1,356,128	185,928	1,542,056	French^B	75	24
	Nova Scotia	NS	Halifax	Halifax^C	01867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867	921,727	53,338	1,946	55,284	English^D	11	10
	New Brunswick	NB	Fredericton	Saint John	01867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867	751,171	71,450	1,458	72,908	English^E French^E	10	10
	Manitoba	MB	Winnipeg	Winnipeg	01870-07-15-0000July 15, 1870	1,208,268	553,556	94,241	647,797	English^A^,^F	14	6
	British Columbia	BC	Victoria	Vancouver	01871-07-20-0000July 20, 1871	4,400,057	925,186	19,549	944,735	English^A	36	6
	Prince Edward Island	PE	Charlottetown	Charlottetown	01873-07-01-0000July 1, 1873	140,204	5,660	0	5,660	English^A	4	4
	Saskatchewan	SK	Regina	Saskatoon	01905-09-01-0000September 1, 1905	1,033,381	591,670	59,366	651,036	English^A	14	6
	Alberta	AB	Edmonton	Calgary	01905-09-01-0000September 1, 1905	3,645,257	642,317	19,531	661,848	English^A	28	6
	Newfoundland and Labrador	NL	St. John's	St. John's	01949-03-31-0000March 31, 1949	514,536	373,872	31,340	405,212	English^A	7	6
Total provinces						7007333694230000000♠33,369,423	7006549091800000000♠5,490,918	7005572013000000000♠572,013	7006606293100000000♠6,062,931	—	7002305000000000000♠305	7002102000000000000♠102

Notes:

A.^ De facto; French has limited constitutional status

B.^ Charter of the French Language; English has limited constitutional status

C.^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted

D.^ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes (three in English and French; one in English and Polish); some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French

E.^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

F.^ Manitoba Act

Provincial legislature buildings

Alberta Legislature Building
British Columbia Parliament Buildings
Manitoba Legislative Building
New Brunswick Legislative Building
Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)
Province House (Nova Scotia)
Ontario Legislative Building
Province House (Prince Edward Island)
Parliament Building (Quebec)
Saskatchewan Legislative Building

Territories

There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent jurisdiction and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.^[8]^[9]^[10] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, as well as all islands north of the Canadian mainland (from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence (each province has precedence over all the territories, regardless of the date each territory was created).

**Territories of Canada**
Flag	Territory	Postal abbreviation	Capital and largest city^[1]	Entered Confederation^[3]	Population (May 2011)^[4]	Area: land (km²)^[5]	Area: water (km²)^[5]	Area: total (km²)^[5]	Official languages	Federal Parliament: Commons seats^[7]	Federal Parliament: Senate seats^[7]
	Northwest Territories	NT	Yellowknife	01870-07-15-0000July 15, 1870	41,462	1,183,085	163,021	1,346,106	Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ^[11]	1	1
	Yukon	YT	Whitehorse	01898-06-13-0000June 13, 1898	33,897	474,391	8,052	482,443	English French^[12]	1	1
	Nunavut	NU	Iqaluit	01999-04-01-0000April 1, 1999	31,906	1,936,113	157,077	2,093,190	Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French^[13]	1	1
Total territories					7005107265000000000♠107,265	7006359358900000000♠3,593,589	7005328150000000000♠328,150	7006392173900000000♠3,921,739	—	7000300000000000000♠3	7000300000000000000♠3

Territorial legislature buildings

Yukon Legislative Building
Northwest Territories Legislative Building
Legislative Building of Nunavut

Territorial evolution

CANADA TIMELINE: Evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's Provinces and Territories

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia are the original provinces, formed when British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia^{[clarification needed]} of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.^[14] Ontario and Quebec were united before Confederation as the Province of Canada. Over the following six years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces.^[14]

The Hudson's Bay Company maintained control of large swathes of western Canada referred to as Rupert's Land until 1870, when it turned the land over to the Government of Canada.^[15] Manitoba and the Northwest Territories were created in 1870 from Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory.^[15] The Northwest Territories were vast at first, encompassing all of current northern and western Canada, except for the significant British holdings in the Arctic Islands (including many of the largest islands in the world) and the Colony of British Columbia; the Territories also included the northern two thirds of Ontario and Quebec, and almost all of present Manitoba, the 1870 province of Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today's province.^[16] The remaining Arctic Islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880, adding to the size of the Northwest Territories. On September 1, 1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.^[16] In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.^[17]

1905 Provinces and territories of Canada coat of arms postcard

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase and the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.^[18] In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.^[19] In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing national bankruptcy, the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933.^[20] Following Canada's participation in World War II, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.^[21] In 2001 it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.^[22]

In 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary.^[23] This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec's expense – this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949.^[24] In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories.^[25] Yukon lies in the western portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east.^[26]

All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km² (1,514,192 sq mi) in land area.^[5] They are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes.^[27] For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration.^[28] The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.^[29] In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

Government

Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.^[30] They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.^[31] In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.^[31]

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces did have such bodies, known as legislative councils, but these were subsequently abolished, Quebec's being the last in 1968.^[32] In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly.^[33] Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.^[34] The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the Canadian House of Commons. The head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats.^[35] This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.^[36] The Queen's representative to each province is the Lieutenant Governor.^[37] In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner, but he or she represents the federal government rather than the monarch.^[38]

**Federal, Provincial, and Territorial terminology compared**
Canada	Governor General	Prime Minister	Parliament		Parliamentarian
Canada	Governor General	Prime Minister	Senate	House of Commons	Senator	Member of Parliament
Ontario	Lieutenant Governor	Premier	n/a*	Legislative Assembly	n/a*	Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP)
Quebec				National Assembly		Member of the National Assembly (MNA)
Newfoundland and Labrador				House of Assembly		Member of the House of Assembly (MHA)
Nova Scotia				House of Assembly		Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
Other provinces				Legislative Assembly
Territories	Commissioner			Legislative Assembly
*There were historically provincial Legislative Councils analogous to the federal Senate in Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, and pre-confederation in Lower Canada, Upper Canada, Province of Canada, British Columbia, and Newfoundland. The last of these was abolished in 1968.

Each of the territories elects one Member of Parliament. Canadian territories are each entitled to elect one full voting representative to the Canadian House of Commons.^[3] With the sole exception that Prince Edward Island has slightly greater per capita representation than the Northwest Territories,^[3] each of the territories has considerably greater per capita representation in the Commons than any of the provinces, although the territories have more limited autonomy than the provinces.^[39] Each territory also has one Senator.^[40]

Provincial parties

Most provinces have provincial counterparts to the three national federal parties. However, some provincial parties are not formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.^[41] The New Democratic Party and Green Party of Canada have integrated membership between the provincial and federal wings.^[41] Some provinces have regional political parties, such as the Saskatchewan Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different: the main split is between sovereignty, represented by the Parti Québécois, and federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.^[42]

The provincial Progressive Conservative parties are also now separate from the federal Conservative Party, which resulted from a merger between the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance.^[43] In most provinces the provincial Liberal Party separated from the federal Liberal Party and are now independent entities.

Current provincial/territorial governments (2015)
Province	Lieutenant Governor/ Commissioner^[44]	Premier^[45]	Party in government^[45]	Majority/Minority
Ontario	Elizabeth Dowdeswell	Kathleen Wynne	Ontario Liberal Party	Majority
Quebec	Pierre Duchesne	Philippe Couillard	Quebec Liberal Party	Majority
Nova Scotia	John James Grant	Stephen McNeil	Nova Scotia Liberal Party	Majority
New Brunswick	Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau	Brian Gallant	New Brunswick Liberal Party	Majority
Manitoba	Philip S. Lee	Greg Selinger	New Democratic Party of Manitoba	Majority
British Columbia	Judith Guichon	Christy Clark	British Columbia Liberal Party	Majority
Prince Edward Island	Frank Lewis	Wade MacLauchlan	Prince Edward Island Liberal Party	Majority
Saskatchewan	Vaughn Solomon Schofield	Brad Wall	Saskatchewan Party	Majority
Alberta	Donald Ethell	Rachel Notley - (Premier designate)	Alberta New Democratic Party	Majority
Newfoundland and Labrador	Frank Fagan	Paul Davis	Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador	Majority
Northwest Territories	George Tuccaro	Bob McLeod	Consensus government	None
Yukon	Doug Phillips	Darrell Pasloski	Yukon Party	Majority
Nunavut	Edna Elias	Peter Taptuna	Consensus government	None

Ceremonial territory

Canadian National Vimy Memorial - For First World War Canadian dead and First World War Canadian missing, presumed dead in France.

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, near Beaumont-Hamel, France are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.^[46] In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".^[47] The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland.^[46] These sites do not, however, enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law.

Proposed provinces and territories

Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province^[48] but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament;^[49] therefore, it is easier legislatively to create a territory than a province.

In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes.^[50]

References

^ ^a ^b "Provinces and Territories". Government of Canada. 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ Place name (2013). "Census Profile". Statistic Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reader's Digest Association (Canada); Canadian Geographic Enterprises (2004). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9.
^ ^a ^b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistic Canada. 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Olivier Coche, François Vaillancourt, Marc-Antoine Cadieux, Jamie Lee Ronson (2012). "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces" (PDF). Fraser Institute. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Guide to the Canadian House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice Canada. 1985. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ "Yukon Act". Department of Justice Canada. 2002. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ Department of Justice Canada (1993). "Nunavut Act". Retrieved January 27, 2007.
^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)
^ "OCOL - Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ "Nunavut's Official Languages". Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Janet Ajzenstat (2003). Canada's Founding Debates. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8020-8607-5.
^ ^a ^b James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5.
^ ^a ^b Barry M. Gough (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3.
^ Atlas of Canada. "Territorial evolution". Retrieved January 27, 2007.
^ "Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864-1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. 2000. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
^ Sandra Clarke (2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7486-2617-5.
^ Trevor W. Harrison, John W. Friesen; Trevor Harrison; John W. Friesen (2010). Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars’ Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-55130-371-0.
^ Raymond Benjamin Blake (1994). Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province. University of Toronto Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8020-6978-8.
^ Fred M. Shelley (2013). Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders. ABC-CLIO. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2.
^ James Laxer (2010). The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel. Doubleday Canada. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-385-67290-0.
^ A. Oye Cukwurah (1967). The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law. Manchester University Press. p. 186. GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE.
^ Johnson-shoyama-graduate School (2013). Governance and Public Policy in Canada: A View from the Provinces. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426-0493-3.
^ Mark Nuttall (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-57958-436-8.
^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada. OECD Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-92-64-19832-6.
^ Carl Waldman; Molly Braun (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5.
^ McIlwraith, Thomas Forsyth; Edward K. Muller (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8.
^ Gregory S. Mahler (1987). New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8386-3289-5.
^ ^a ^b Ian Peach (2007). Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-88755-315-8.
^ Jocelyn Maclure (2003). Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7735-7111-2.
^ Nathan Tidridge (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government. Dundurn. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4597-0084-0.
^ Laura Elizabeth Pinto (2012). Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities. University of Toronto Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4426-6158-5.
^ Gordon Barnhart (2004). Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. University of Regina Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-88977-164-2.
^ Barry Scott Zellen (2009). On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty. Lexington Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7391-3280-7.
^ Nathan Tidridge (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Dundurn. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-55488-980-8.
^ Corinna Pike; Christopher McCreery (2011). Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office. Dundurn. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4597-0016-1.
^ Christian Leuprecht; Peter H. Russell (2011). Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics. University of Toronto Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4426-0368-4.
^ John Courtney; David Smith (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
^ ^a ^b William Cross (2011). Political Parties. UBC Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-7748-4111-5.
^ Alain-Gustave Gagnon (2000). The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses. IRPP. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-88645-184-4.
^ J. Peter Meekison; Hamish Telford; Harvey Lazar (2004). Reconsidering the Institutions of Canadian Federalism. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-55339-008-4.
^ "Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Premiers". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ ^a ^b John Wilson (2012). Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace. Dundurn. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4597-0345-2.
^ "Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial". Veteran Affairs Canada. August 8, 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
^ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.
^ Norman L. Nicholson (1979). The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-0-7705-1742-7.
^ CBC News (November 23, 2004). "Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status". Retrieved January 27, 2007.

External links

Provincial and territorial government web sites - Service Canada
Provincial and territorial legislature web sites - Parliament of Canada
Difference between provinces and territories - Intergovernmental Affairs
Provincial and territorial statistics - Statistics Canada
Provincial and territorial immigration information - Citizenship and Immigration Canada
Canadian governments compared - University of Public Administration

UpToDate Contents

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Efficacy and possible mechanisms of perillaldehyde in control of Aspergillus niger causing grape decay.

Tian J1, Wang Y2, Zeng H3, Li Z2, Zhang P2, Tessema A4, Peng X5.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2015 Jun 2;202:27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.022. Epub 2015 Feb 27.
A variety of plant products have been recognized for their antifungal activity and recently have attracted food industry attention for their efficacy in controlling postharvest fungal decay of fruits. The antifungal activity of perillaldehyde (PAE) was evaluated against Aspergillus niger, a known ca
PMID 25755082

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McCloskey EV1, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Kanis JA.
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The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of trabecular bone score on the probability of fracture above that provided by the clinical risk factors utilized in FRAX. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 33,352 women aged 40-99 years from the province of Manitoba, Canada, with
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Hookah use prevalence, predictors, and perceptions among Canadian youth: findings from the 2012/2013 Youth Smoking Survey.

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Japanese Journal

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NAID 40017347287

「province」

　　[★]

地方、(カナダなどでの行政区分)州、(中国などでの行政区分)省

関: endemic、local、state

「Canadian」

　　[★]

adj.

カナダの、カナダ人

関: Canada

[canada1-1] "Provinces and Territories". Government of Canada. 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[2] Place name (2013). "Census Profile". Statistic Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[.28Canada.292004-3] Reader's Digest Association (Canada); Canadian Geographic Enterprises (2004). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9.

[pop-4] "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistic Canada. 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.

[StatsCan-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2013.

[6] Olivier Coche, François Vaillancourt, Marc-Antoine Cadieux, Jamie Lee Ronson (2012). "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces" (PDF). Fraser Institute. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

[autogenerated2-7] "Guide to the Canadian House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[8] "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice Canada. 1985. Retrieved March 25, 2013.

[9] "Yukon Act". Department of Justice Canada. 2002. Retrieved March 25, 2013.

[10] Department of Justice Canada (1993). "Nunavut Act". Retrieved January 27, 2007.

[lang-11] Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)

[12] "OCOL - Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[13] "Nunavut's Official Languages". Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[Ajzenstat2003-14] Janet Ajzenstat (2003). Canada's Founding Debates. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8020-8607-5.

[OlsonShadle1996-15] James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5.

[Gough2010-16] Barry M. Gough (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3.

[Atlas-17] Atlas of Canada. "Territorial evolution". Retrieved January 27, 2007.

[18] "Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864-1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. 2000. Retrieved July 29, 2013.

[Clarke2010-19] Sandra Clarke (2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7486-2617-5.

[FriesenHarrison2010-20] Trevor W. Harrison, John W. Friesen; Trevor Harrison; John W. Friesen (2010). Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars’ Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-55130-371-0.

[Blake1994-21] Raymond Benjamin Blake (1994). Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province. University of Toronto Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8020-6978-8.

[Shelley2013-22] Fred M. Shelley (2013). Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders. ABC-CLIO. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2.

[Laxer2010-23] James Laxer (2010). The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel. Doubleday Canada. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-385-67290-0.

[Cukwurah1967-24] A. Oye Cukwurah (1967). The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law. Manchester University Press. p. 186. GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE.

[School2013-25] Johnson-shoyama-graduate School (2013). Governance and Public Policy in Canada: A View from the Provinces. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426-0493-3.

[Nuttall2012-26] Mark Nuttall (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-57958-436-8.

[Development2002-27] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada. OECD Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-92-64-19832-6.

[WaldmanBraun2009-28] Carl Waldman; Molly Braun (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5.

[ForsythMuller2001-29] McIlwraith, Thomas Forsyth; Edward K. Muller (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8.

[Mahler1987-30] Gregory S. Mahler (1987). New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8386-3289-5.

[Peach2007-31] Ian Peach (2007). Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-88755-315-8.

[Maclure2003wt-32] Jocelyn Maclure (2003). Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7735-7111-2.

[Tidridge2011nm-33] Nathan Tidridge (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government. Dundurn. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4597-0084-0.

[Pinto2012-34] Laura Elizabeth Pinto (2012). Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities. University of Toronto Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4426-6158-5.

[Barnhart2004-35] Gordon Barnhart (2004). Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. University of Regina Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-88977-164-2.

[Zellen2009iu-36] Barry Scott Zellen (2009). On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty. Lexington Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7391-3280-7.

[Tidridge2011po-37] Nathan Tidridge (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Dundurn. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-55488-980-8.

[PikeMcCreery2011fr-38] Corinna Pike; Christopher McCreery (2011). Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office. Dundurn. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4597-0016-1.

[LeuprechtRussell2011hu-39] Christian Leuprecht; Peter H. Russell (2011). Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics. University of Toronto Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4426-0368-4.

[CourtneySmith2010nu-40] John Courtney; David Smith (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.

[Cross2011-41] William Cross (2011). Political Parties. UBC Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-7748-4111-5.

[Gagnon2000pm-42] Alain-Gustave Gagnon (2000). The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses. IRPP. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-88645-184-4.

[MeekisonTelford2004jk-43] J. Peter Meekison; Hamish Telford; Harvey Lazar (2004). Reconsidering the Institutions of Canadian Federalism. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-55339-008-4.

[44] "Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[autogenerated1-45] "Premiers". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[Wilson2012-46] John Wilson (2012). Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace. Dundurn. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4597-0345-2.

[47] "Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial". Veteran Affairs Canada. August 8, 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2007.

[amendment-48] An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.

[Nicholson1979-49] Norman L. Nicholson (1979). The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-0-7705-1742-7.

[50] CBC News (November 23, 2004). "Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status". Retrieved January 27, 2007.

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Canadian province