関: APO-1 antigen、Fas antigen、Fas receptor

WordNet

any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)

PrepTutorEJDIC

抗原(生物の体内にはいって免疫体を作る物質)
certificate of deposit / (また『C.D.』)Civil Defense民間防衛

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/25 22:30:53」(JST)

wiki en

Fas ligand (FasL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Its binding with its receptor induces apoptosis. Fas ligand/receptor interactions play an important role in the regulation of the immune system and the progression of cancer.

Structure

Fas ligand or FasL is a homotrimeric type II transmembrane protein. It signals through trimerization of FasR, which spans the membrane of the "target" cell. This trimerization usually leads to apoptosis, or cell death.

Soluble Fas ligand is generated by cleaving membrane-bound FasL at a conserved cleavage site by the external matrix metalloproteinase MMP-7.

Receptors

FasR: The Fas receptor (FasR), or CD95, is the most intensely studied member of the death receptor family. The gene is situated on chromosome 10 in humans and 19 in mice. Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Many of these isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. It consists of three cysteine-rich pseudorepeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular death domain.

DcR3: Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a recently discovered decoy receptor of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that binds to FasL, LIGHT, and TLA1. DcR3 is a soluble receptor that has no signal transduction capabilities (hence a "decoy") and functions to prevent FasR-FasL interactions by competitively binding to membrane-bound Fas ligand and rendering them inactive.^[1]

Cell signaling

Fas forms the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) upon ligand binding. Membrane-anchored Fas ligand trimer on the surface of an adjacent cell causes trimerization of Fas receptor. This event is also mimicked by binding of an agonistic Fas antibody, though some evidence suggests that the apoptotic signal induced by the antibody is unreliable in the study of Fas signaling. To this end, several clever ways of trimerizing the antibody for in vitro research have been employed.

Upon ensuing death domain (DD) aggregation, the receptor complex is internalized via the cellular endosomal machinery. This allows the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) to bind the death domain of Fas through its own death domain. FADD also contains a death effector domain (DED) near its amino terminus, which facilitates binding to the DED of FADD-like ICE (FLICE), more commonly referred to as caspase-8. FLICE can then self-activate through proteolytic cleavage into p10 and p18 subunits, of which two form the active heterotetramer enzyme. Active caspase-8 is then released from the DISC into the cytosol, where it cleaves other effector caspases, eventually leading to DNA degradation, membrane blebbing, and other hallmarks of apoptosis.

Signaling pathways of Fas. Dashed grey lines represent multiple steps in JNK signaling

Some reports have suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway is sufficient to induce complete apoptosis in certain cell types through DISC assembly and subsequent caspase-8 activation. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (namely Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) to protect from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Characterized Type 1 cells include H9, CH1, SKW6.4, and SW480, all of which are lymphocyte lineages except the latter, which is of the colon adenocarcinoma lineage.

Evidence for crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways exists in the Fas signal cascade. In most cell types, caspase-8 catalyzes the cleavage of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid into its truncated form, tBid. BH-3 only members of the Bcl-2 family engage exclusively anti-apoptotic members of the family (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), allowing Bak and Bax to translocate to the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus permeabilizing it and facilitating release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, an antagonist of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs).

Soluble FasL is less active than its membrane-bound counterpart and does not induce receptor trimerization and DISC formation.

Functions

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis

Apoptosis triggered by Fas-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:

T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become progressively more sensitive the longer they are activated, ultimately resulting in activation-induced cell death (AICD). This process is needed to prevent an excessive immune response and eliminate autoreactive T-cells. Humans and mice with deleterious mutations of Fas or Fas ligand develop an accumulation of aberrant T-cells, leading to lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and lupus erythematosus.
Cytotoxic T-cell activity: Fas-induced apoptosis and the perforin pathway are the two main mechanisms by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce cell death in cells expressing foreign antigens.^[2]
Immune privilege: Cells in immune privileged areas such as the cornea or testes express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes. It is one of many mechanisms the body employs in the establishment and maintenance of immune privilege.
Maternal tolerance: Fas ligand may be instrumental in the prevention of leukocyte trafficking between the mother and the fetus, although no pregnancy defects have yet been attributed to a faulty Fas-Fas ligand system.
Tumor counterattack: Tumors may over-express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes, allowing the tumor to escape the effects of an immune response.^[3] The up-regulation of Fas ligand often occurs following chemotherapy, from which the tumor cells have attained apoptosis resistance.

Role in disease

Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis may lead to oncogenesis as well as drug resistance in existing tumors. Germline mutation of Fas is associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a childhood disorder of apoptosis.

Interactions

Fas ligand has been shown to interact with FADD,^[4]^[5] Grb2,^[6]^[7] Caspase 8,^[4]^[5] Fas receptor,^[4]^[5]^[8]^[9] FYN,^[7]^[10] EZR,^[4]^[11] PACSIN2,^[6] FNBP1^[6] and TNFRSF6B.^[12]^[13]^[14]

References

^ Sheikh MS, Fornace AJ (2000). "Death and decoy receptors and p53-mediated apoptosis". Leukemia 14 (8): 1509–1513. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2401865. PMID 10942251.
^ Andersen MH, Schrama D, Thor Straten P, Becker JC (2006). "Cytotoxic T cells". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700001. PMID 16417215.
^ Igney FH, Krammer PH (2005). "Tumor counterattack: fact or fiction?". Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 54 (11): 1127–1136. doi:10.1007/s00262-005-0680-7. PMID 15889255.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gajate, Consuelo; Mollinedo Faustino (March 2005). "Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 280 (12): 11641–11647. doi:10.1074/jbc.M411781200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15659383.
^ ^a ^b ^c Micheau, Olivier; Tschopp Jürg (July 2003). "Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes". Cell (United States) 114 (2): 181–190. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00521-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 12887920.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ghadimi, Markus Philipp; Sanzenbacher Ralf, Thiede Bernd, Wenzel Jennifer, Jing Qian, Plomann Markus, Borkhardt Arndt, Kabelitz Dieter, Janssen Ottmar (May. 2002). "Identification of interaction partners of the cytosolic polyproline region of CD95 ligand (CD178)". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 519 (1–3): 50–58. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02709-6. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 12023017.
^ ^a ^b Wenzel, J; Sanzenbacher R, Ghadimi M, Lewitzky M, Zhou Q, Kaplan D R, Kabelitz D, Feller S M, Janssen O (December 2001). "Multiple interactions of the cytosolic polyproline region of the CD95 ligand: hints for the reverse signal transduction capacity of a death factor". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 509 (2): 255–262. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03174-X. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 11741599.
^ Starling, G C; Bajorath J, Emswiler J, Ledbetter J A, Aruffo A, Kiener P A (April 1997). "Identification of amino acid residues important for ligand binding to Fas". J. Exp. Med. (UNITED STATES) 185 (8): 1487–1492. doi:10.1084/jem.185.8.1487. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2196280. PMID 9126929. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2196280/.
^ Schneider, P; Bodmer J L, Holler N, Mattmann C, Scuderi P, Terskikh A, Peitsch M C, Tschopp J (July 1997). "Characterization of Fas (Apo-1, CD95)-Fas ligand interaction". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (30): 18827–18833. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.30.18827. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9228058.
^ Hane, M; Lowin B, Peitsch M, Becker K, Tschopp J (October 1995). "Interaction of peptides derived from the Fas ligand with the Fyn-SH3 domain". FEBS Lett. (NETHERLANDS) 373 (3): 265–268. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)01051-F. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 7589480.
^ Parlato, S; Giammarioli A M, Logozzi M, Lozupone F, Matarrese P, Luciani F, Falchi M, Malorni W, Fais S (October 2000). "CD95 (APO-1/Fas) linkage to the actin cytoskeleton through ezrin in human T lymphocytes: a novel regulatory mechanism of the CD95 apoptotic pathway". EMBO J. (ENGLAND) 19 (19): 5123–5134. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.19.5123. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 302100. PMID 11013215. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC302100/.
^ Yu, K Y; Kwon B, Ni J, Zhai Y, Ebner R, Kwon B S (May. 1999). "A newly identified member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TR6) suppresses LIGHT-mediated apoptosis". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (20): 13733–13736. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.13733. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10318773.
^ Hsu, Tsui-Ling; Chang Yung-Chi, Chen Siu-Ju, Liu Yong-Jun, Chiu Allen W, Chio Chung-Ching, Chen Lieping, Hsieh Shie-Liang (May. 2002). "Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation and maturation by decoy receptor 3". J. Immunol. (United States) 168 (10): 4846–53. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 11994433.
^ Pitti, R M; Marsters S A, Lawrence D A, Roy M, Kischkel F C, Dowd P, Huang A, Donahue C J, Sherwood S W, Baldwin D T, Godowski P J, Wood W I, Gurney A L, Hillan K J, Cohen R L, Goddard A D, Botstein D, Ashkenazi A (December 1998). "Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer". Nature (ENGLAND) 396 (6712): 699–703. doi:10.1038/25387. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9872321.

External links

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 601859
Fas+Ligand+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 自己免疫性リンパ増殖症候群(ALPS)：疫学および病因 autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome alps epidemiology and pathogenesis
2. 適応細胞性免疫応答 the adaptive cellular immune response
3. 橋本病（慢性自己免疫性甲状腺炎）の病因 pathogenesis of hashimotos thyroiditis chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
4. 胎児および新生児における免疫細胞の発達 the development of immune cells in the fetus and neonate
5. 造血細胞移植後の移植片対腫瘍効果の生物学 biology of the graft versus tumor effect following hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

Human pleural B cells regulate IFN-γ production by local T and NK cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

Schierloh P, Landoni VI, Balboa L, Musella RM, Castagnino J, Moraña E, C de Casado G, Palmero D, Sasiain MC.AbstractDelayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are secondary cellular immune responses, which appear 24-72 hours after antigen exposure. Tuberculous pleurisy is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and is considered a human model of TH1-mediated DTH. In order to identify functional cross-talk among cellular populations sited at this inflammatory microenvironment, we analyzed phenotypic and functional features of human B cells isolated from pleural fluid (PF) of TB patients. Freshly isolated PF-B cells displayed a lower expression of CD20, CD1d and HLA-DR, and a higher expression of CD95, CD38, CD25, CXCR3 and CXCR4 than their peripheral blood counterpart, suggesting a non-classical in situ activation. Despite memory PF-T cells frequencies were increased, frequencies of memory PF-B cells were not. We demonstrated that upon stimulation with g-irradiated M. tuberculosis (Mtb), mycobacterial secreted proteins or a lectin mitogen, PF-B cells showed a strong activation and produced IL-10 by a mechanism that was dependent on bystander activation of CD19neg-PF cells. Besides, within PF cells, B cells diminished in vitro Mtb-induced IFN-γ production by T and NK cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. Finally, we found that the lower the frequency of B cells, the higher the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 within PF. Thus, our results suggest that B cells can regulate a human DTH reaction induced by Mtb.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Apr 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are secondary cellular immune responses, which appear 24-72 hours after antigen exposure. Tuberculous pleurisy is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and is considered a human model of TH1-mediated DTH. In order to identify functio
PMID 24689690

Timing and intensity of exposure to Interferon-gamma critically determines the function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Kerkar SP1, Chinnasamy D, Hadi N, Melenhorst J, Muranski P, Spyridonidis A, Ito S, Weber G, Yin F, Hensel N, Wang E, Marincola FM, John Barrett A.Author information 1Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892.AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines have a dualistic role in immunity. In this study, we sought to determine the direct effects interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on the differentiation and maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC). Here, we report that following differentiation of monocytes into moDCs with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4, IFN-γ induces moDC maturation and up-regulates the co-stimulatory markers CD80/CD86/CD95 and MHC Class I, enabling moDCs to effectively generate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for multiple viral and tumor antigens. Early exposure of monocytes to high concentrations of IFN-γ during differentiation promotes the formation of macrophages. However, under low concentrations of IFN-γ, monocytes continue to differentiate into dendritic cells possessing a unique gene-expression profile, resulting in impairments in subsequent maturation by IFN-γ or LPS and an inability to generate effective antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. These findings demonstrate IFN-γ to impart differential programs on moDCs which shape the antigen-specific T cell responses they induce. Timing and intensity of exposure to IFN-γ can thus determine the functional capacity of moDCs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Immunology.Immunology.2014 Mar 28. doi: 10.1111/imm.12292. [Epub ahead of print]
A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines have a dualistic role in immunity. In this study, we sought to determine the direct effects interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on the differentiation and maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC). Here, we repo
PMID 24678989

A six-color flow cytometry assay for immunophenotyping classical Hodgkin lymphoma in lymph nodes.

Fromm JR1, Wood BL.Author information 1University of Washington Medical Center, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195; e-mail: jfromm@u.washington.edu.AbstractOBJECTIVES: We have recently demonstrated that classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) can be immunophenotyped by flow cytometry (FC), thus obviating the need for immunohistochemistry in many cases. The previously described nine-color assay, however, cannot be used by laboratories that do not have access to a nine- or ten-color flow cytometer. Therefore, a six-color FC tube was designed employing the following combination: CD64-FITC/CD30-PE/CD40-PeCy5.5/CD20-PECy7/CD95-APC/CD3-APC-H7.
American journal of clinical pathology.Am J Clin Pathol.2014 Mar;141(3):388-96. doi: 10.1309/AJCP0Q1SVOXBHMAM.
OBJECTIVES: We have recently demonstrated that classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) can be immunophenotyped by flow cytometry (FC), thus obviating the need for immunohistochemistry in many cases. The previously described nine-color assay, however, cannot be used by laboratories that do not have access t
PMID 24515767

Japanese Journal

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON FAS ANTIGEN AND FAS LIGAND EXPRESSION AND MANIFESTION OF APOPTOSIS IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

大柳文義,秋田英貴,太田秀一,塩川章,九島巳樹
昭和医学会雑誌 63(1), 43-53, 2003
… Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand (Fast) -mediated apoptosis is one of the main pathways of killer cancer cells in the immune surveillance system. …
NAID 130001822386

ヒト子宮内膜間質細胞におけるアポトーシスとは異なるFas抗原介在シグナルの存在

宇都宮智子,田中哲二,阪本知子,王春蓮,中島聡子,白涛,深山雅人,荻田幸雄,梅咲直彦
日本受精着床学会雑誌 19(1), 69-72, 2002-02-20
NAID 10012209205

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Fas receptor」「CD95抗原」「APO-1 antigen」
関連記事	「CD」「CD95」

「Fas receptor」

Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1BZI
Identifiers
Symbols	FASLG; ALPS1B; APT1LG1; CD178; CD95-L; CD95L; FASL; TNFSF6
External IDs	OMIM: 134638 MGI: 99255 HomoloGene: 533 ChEMBL: 5714 GeneCards: FASLG Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• receptor binding; • cytokine activity; • tumor necrosis factor receptor binding; • protein binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • nucleus; • integral to plasma membrane; • caveola; • external side of plasma membrane; • lysosomal lumen; • perinuclear region of cytoplasm; • cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle lumen; • extracellular vesicular exosome;
Biological process	• negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • transcription, DNA-dependent; • apoptotic process; • induction of apoptosis; • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • inflammatory cell apoptotic process; • immune response; • signal transduction; • cell-cell signaling; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; • negative regulation of angiogenesis; • cellular chloride ion homeostasis; • response to lipopolysaccharide; • cellular response to stress; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; • positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • retinal cell programmed cell death; • endosomal lumen acidification; • activation of necroptosis of activated-T cells; • activation of necroptosis by extracellular signals; • necrotic cell death; • response to growth factor stimulus; • apoptotic signaling pathway;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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