| Burkholderia cepacia complex |
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| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
| Class: |
Beta Proteobacteria |
| Order: |
Burkholderiales |
| Family: |
Burkholderiaceae |
| Genus: |
Burkholderia |
| Species: |
B. cepacia complex |
| Binomial name |
Burkholderia cepacia complex
(Palleroni and Holmes 1981)
Yabuuchi et al. 1993 |
| Type species |
ATCC 25416
CCUG 12691 and 13226
CFBP 2227
CIP 80.24
DSM 7288
HAMBI 1976
ICMP 5796
JCM 5964
LMG 1222
NBRC 14074
NCCB 76047
NCPPB 2993
NCTC 10743
NRRL B-14810
|
| Synonyms |
|
Pseudomonas cepacia Burkholder 1950
Pseudomonas multivorans Stanier et al. 1966
Pseudomonas cepacia (ex Burkholder 1950) Palleroni and Holmes 1981
Pseudomonas kingii Jonsson 1970
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Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), or simply Burkholderia cepacia is a group of catalase-producing, lactose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least 17 different species, including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, B. vietnamiensis, B. stabilis, B. ambifaria, B. dolosa, B. anthina, and B. pyrrocinia.[1] B. cepacia is an important human pathogen which most often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease (such as cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease).[2]
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Contents
- 1 Pathogenesis
- 2 Diagnosis
- 3 Infection control
- 4 Treatment
- 5 History
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
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Pathogenesis
BCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area from uninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in lung function and result in death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of BCC involves culturing the bacteria from clinical specimens, such as sputum or blood. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common antibiotics, including aminoglycosides and polymyxin B.[3] and this fact is exploited in the identification of the organism.
Oxidation-fermentation polymyxin-bacitracin-lactose (OFPBL) agar contains polymyxin (which kills most Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and bacitracin (which kills most Gram-positive bacteria and Neisseria species).[4][5] It also contains lactose, and organisms such as BCC that do not ferment lactose turn the pH indicator yellow, which helps to distinguish it from other organisms that may grow on OFPBL agar, such as Candida species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Stenotrophomonas species, and Proteus species.
Infection control
The bacterium is so hardy, it has been found to persist in betadine (a common topical antiseptic).[6] Recently, a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash was also recalled, after it was found to be contaminated with B. cepacia.[7] On 1-August-2012, the US FDA announced a recall of selected lots of benzalkonium chloride swabs and antiseptic wipes manufactured for Dukal by Jianerkang Medical Dressing Co. [8]
Treatment
Treatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin, meropenem, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(co-trimoxazole).[3] Although co-trimoxazole has been generally considered the drug of choice for B. cepacia infections, ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin and meropenem are considered to be viable alternative options in cases where co-trimoxazole cannot be administered because of hypersensitivity reactions, intolerance or resistance.[9] In April 2007, researchers from the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario, working with a group from Edinburgh, announced they had discovered a way to kill the organism.[10][11]
History
B.cepacia was discovered by Walter Burkholder in 1949 as the cause of onion skin rot, and first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s.[12] In the 1980s, it was first recognized in individuals with cystic fibrosis, and outbreaks were associated with a 35% death rate. B. cepacia has a large genome, containing twice the amount of genetic material as E. coli.
See also
References
- ^ Lipuma J (2005). "Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex". Curr Opin Pulm Med 11 (6): 528–33. doi:10.1097/01.mcp.0000181475.85187.ed. PMID 16217180.
- ^ Mahenthiralingam E, Urban T, Goldberg J (2005). "The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex". Nat Rev Microbiol 3 (2): 144–56. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1085. PMID 15643431.
- ^ a b McGowan J (2006). "Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum". Am J Infect Control 34 (5 Suppl 1): S29–37; discussion S64–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.226. PMID 16813979.
- ^ Becton, Dickinson and Company (2003). BD Difco and BD BBL Manual: Manual of Microbiological Culture Media. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: Becton Dickinson. pp. 422–423..
- ^ "OFPBL agar". Remel Technical Manual. Lenexa, Kan: Remel. 1997.
- ^ Anderson R, Vess R, Panlilio A, Favero M (1990). "Prolonged survival of Pseudomonas cepacia in commercially manufactured povidone-iodine". Appl Environ Microbiol 56 (11): 3598–600. PMC 185031. PMID 2268166. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=185031.
- ^ Products recalled due to bacteria contamination, 2010-12-30, http://health.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20101230-255609.html
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm314006.htm?source=govdelivery
- ^ Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, Dimopoulos G, Grammatikos AP, Falagas ME. Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009; 33(5):394-404. PMID 19097867
- ^ "Key Found to Kill Cystic Fibrosis Superbug". Innovations Report. 2007-04-25. http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/report-83296.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Ortega XP, Cardona ST, Brown AR et al. (May 2007). "A Putative Gene Cluster for Aminoarabinose Biosynthesis Is Essential for Burkholderia cenocepacia Viability". J. Bacteriol. 189 (9): 3639–44. doi:10.1128/JB.00153-07. PMC 1855895. PMID 17337576. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1855895.
- ^ Burkholder WH (1950). "Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs". Phytopathology 40: 115–7.
External links
- UMR: Burkholderia cepacia
- CFF: Research
- Pathema-Burkholderia Resource
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Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: Proteobacterial G− (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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| α |
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Rickettsiales
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Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
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Typhus
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Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) · Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus)
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Spotted
fever
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Tick-borne
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Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) · Rickettsia conorii (Boutonneuse fever) · Rickettsia japonica (Japanese spotted fever) · Rickettsia sibirica (North Asian tick typhus) · Rickettsia australis (Queensland tick typhus) · Rickettsia honei (Flinders Island spotted fever) · Rickettsia africae (African tick bite fever) · Rickettsia parkeri (American tick bite fever) · Rickettsia aeschlimannii (Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection)
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Mite-borne
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Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) · Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus)
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Flea-borne
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Rickettsia felis (Flea-borne spotted fever)
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Anaplasmataceae
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Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis) · Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human monocytic ehrlichiosis) · Ehrlichia ewingii (Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection)
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Rhizobiales
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Brucellaceae
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Brucella abortus (Brucellosis)
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Bartonellaceae
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Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch disease) · Bartonella quintana (Trench fever) · either henselae or quintana (Bacillary angiomatosis) · Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana)
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| β |
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Neisseriales
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M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia)
M- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus (Gonorrhea)
ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae (HACEK) · Chromobacterium violaceum (Chromobacteriosis infection)
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Burkholderiales
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Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) · Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) · Burkholderia cepacia complex · Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis (Pertussis)
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| γ |
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Enterobacteriales
(OX-)
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Lac+
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Klebsiella pneumoniae (Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia) · Klebsiella granulomatis (Granuloma inguinale) · Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic · Enteroinvasive · Enterohemorrhagic · O157:H7 · O104:H4 (Hemolytic-uremic syndrome)
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
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Slow/weak
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Serratia marcescens (Serratia infection) · Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
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Lac-
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H2S+
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Salmonella enterica (Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis)
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H2S-
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Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii (Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery) · Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris · Yersinia pestis (Plague/Bubonic plague) · Yersinia enterocolitica · Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
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Pasteurellales
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Haemophilus: H. influenzae (Haemophilus meningitis, Brazilian purpuric fever) · H. ducreyi (Chancroid) H. parainfluenzae (HACEK)
Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurellosis) · Actinobacillus (Actinobacillosis)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (HACEK)
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Legionellales
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Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae (Legionellosis) · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
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Thiotrichales
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Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
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Vibrionales
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Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) · Vibrio vulnificus · Vibrio parahaemolyticus · Vibrio alginolyticus · Plesiomonas shigelloides
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Pseudomonadales
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas infection) · Moraxella catarrhalis · Acinetobacter baumannii
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Xanthomonadales
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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Cardiobacteriales
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Cardiobacterium hominis (HACEK)
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Aeromonadales
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Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii (Aeromonas infection)
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| ε |
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Campylobacterales
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Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome) · Helicobacter pylori (Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma) · Helicobacter cinaedi (Helicobacter cellulitis)
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gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o
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