骨形成タンパク質1

関: bone morphogenetic protein 1

WordNet

the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B

PrepTutorEJDIC

basal metabolism基礎代謝

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/15 16:59:43」(JST)

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BMP-1（ロシア語: БМП-1：ベエームペー・アヂーン）は、ソビエト連邦が初めて開発した歩兵戦闘車である。

概要

「BMP」とは「（ロシア語: БМП（Боевая Машина Пехоты、キリル文字をアルファベット表記するとBoyevay Mashina Pekhoty）：バエヴァヤ・マシーナ・ピェホートゥィ」の頭文字をとったもので、ロシア語で「歩兵用戦闘車両」の意味である。

それまでの、敵戦車や敵陣地への攻撃は随伴する戦車が行い、自身は兵士を戦場まで輸送して降車するまでの間に敵の砲火から防護するだけであった装甲兵員輸送車と違い、敵戦車を直接攻撃することのできるだけの武装を持ち、歩兵を乗車させた状態で戦闘を行わせることができる、という本車の登場は、従来の装甲輸送車両に比べて非常に画期的とされ、いわゆる「BMPショック」を西側諸国にもたらした^[1]。

1950年代末に西ドイツ、フランス両国が相次いで開発した先駆者たちと共に、BMP-1は"重武装の砲塔を搭載して戦闘に積極的に参加する能力を持ち、かつ輸送する歩兵にも乗車させたまま戦闘を行わせることができる"という「歩兵戦闘車（IFV：Infantry Fighting Vehicle/ICV：Infantry Combat Vehicle）」と呼ばれる、新たな装甲戦闘車両の分野を生み出すこととなった。

開発

ソ連地上軍は、機械化歩兵用にBTR-50を用いていたが、火力・防御力・機動力のいずれも劣っており、火力を強化した歩兵用の車両が求められていた^[1]。そこで、ソ連では1950年代の終わりから、各地のトラクター工場で各種の歩兵用装甲車が試作された。

1964年、チェリャビンスク・トラクター工場設計局ではP・P・イサコフを主任設計技師とした設計チームが新型車両の開発を始めた。最初に試作した「オブイェークト764」は、車体前部に300馬力のディーゼルエンジンを配置し、車体後部に兵員室を設けた。さらに、後方に延長したシャフトで兵員室床下のウォータージェットを駆動させ、水上浮行させることが可能であった。機関室の直後には操縦士と車長がややシフトした状態で座り、その後方に戦闘室、さらに後方に兵員室があり、8名の歩兵が座るようになっていた。「オブイェークト764」案は仮採用されたものの、兵員室が著しく狭いため、更なる改良型の設計が求められた。それを受けて開発された「オブイェークト765」は、ウォータージェットを廃した代わりに、キャタピラの駆動で浮行できるよう特殊なスカートを装備した。また、エンジンを車体前部右側に寄せ、左側に操縦席と車長席を配置することで、兵員室の容積を僅かながら拡大させることができた^[2]。

オブイェークト765は1966年に制式採用され、「BMP-1」の制式名称が与えられた。

設計

武装

BMP-1の最大の特徴は、装甲兵員輸送車に比べ、歩兵支援のための強力な攻撃能力を有することであった。

主砲の73mm低圧滑腔砲2A28は、SPG-9無反動砲と同型で、最大射程は1,000m。少量の装薬で発射された後にロケットブースターで加速される榴弾（HE）および装甲貫徹力400mmの対戦車榴弾（HEAT）が用いられた。ただし、無反動砲と砲塔に搭載する車載砲の違いから、薬莢の形状が異なるため、直接的な意味での弾薬の互換性は無い。装填は自動で行われ、砲塔バスケットに40発の砲弾が格納される。もう一つの主兵装として、主砲基部に9M14 マリョートカ（NATOコードネーム：AT-3 サガー）対戦車ミサイルの発射レールを装備している。ミサイルの飛翔体は、砲塔に2発、兵員室に2発を格納しており、砲塔上のハッチから装填が可能である。9M14の最大射程は500-3,000m^[2]。

さらに、副武装として主砲同軸に7.62mm機関銃PKTを装備した。2,000発の銃弾が1条のベルトリンクに結合されて格納される。なお、砲塔と主砲・機関銃の上下動は電動と手動の併用式である。これらの武装の照準には、砲塔左側上方に搭載されたテレスコープ照準器1PN22M1が用いられた。1PN22M1にはスタジア式の測距目盛が書かれており、パッシブ式の暗視装置で夜戦能力も備えてある^[2]。

また、後部に配された兵員室には小さな銃眼（ガンポート）が設けられており、搭乗している兵士も携行している銃で発砲できる。銃眼は車体左右に4箇所ずつ、後部乗降ハッチに1箇所あり、左右最前方の2基は分隊支援火器であるPK/PKM用に台形をしており、残りの7基はAKM・AKS-74用に円形をしている。後部乗降ハッチを除き、それぞれの銃眼には発砲した際に排莢口から洩れてくる発射煙を吸引して車外に排出するための吸気装置が備えられ、排煙のためにハッチを開けて車内の気密状態を阻害することがないように配慮されている。これは、戦闘で核兵器が用いられた際に、放射能で汚染された地域でも歩兵部隊を展開できるよう、完全気密状態で戦闘が行えるように考慮されたものである。これは、世界初の歩兵戦闘車であったドイツのHS.30にはない特長であった。車体には、分隊支援火器のPKM用に7.62x54mmR弾の950発ベルトリンクが2条搭載されており、下車戦闘時にはPKMごと持ち出すことができた^[2]。

このほか、配備されたBMP-1の約3分の2には、携行式地対空ミサイルである9K32が標準装備されていた。

教材として用いられていたBMP-1の砲塔部。フィンランドのパロラ戦車博物館の展示品
BMP-1 砲塔内部
BMP-1の車内乗員配置および車内からの携行火器の射界範囲

車体

東ドイツの軍事パレードに登場したBMP-1（1988年）。8名の兵士が搭乗している。戦車兵姿で立っているのが車長

歩兵戦闘車の特徴として、歩兵が搭乗する場所を内部に確保しながら、同時に軽快な運動性能を保つ必要があるため、装甲は比較的薄く設計されるが、これは生残性の低下という弱点につながる。BMP-1ではこれに対処するため、砲塔を含めた車高を低く抑えて正面面積を減らし被弾率を下げ、また、車体全部を大きく傾斜させることで避弾経始を良好にしている。また、この舟型形状は水上航行時の安定性にも貢献している。兵員の乗降車に用いる後部ドアは副燃料タンクを兼ねており、視察窓と銃眼を備える。

エンジンのUTD-20液冷ディーゼルエンジンは、本車のために開発された新型エンジンで、車体前部右側に配置された。その左側には操縦席があり、オートバイ形のハンドルで操縦する。動力伝達や操行機構は水圧によるバックアップが施され、操縦を容易なものにしている^[2]。

BMP-1で問題となった設計の1つに、操縦席後方にある車長席がある。この車長席には赤外線サーチライトが付属した旋回式キューポラがあったが、ペリスコープは3個のみで、しかも、右側後方の砲塔が邪魔になって全周の視界が確保されていないという重大な欠陥があった。1960年代の演習映像では戦車兵姿の士官が乗車していたが、1970年代中期以降になると、このハッチから歩兵装備の分隊長が飛び出して下車戦闘する姿が映っている^[2]。しかし、戦闘の度に車体上方から下車する状態が、後に実戦運用して問題があることが露呈する。

車体中央には戦闘室があり、ここに1人用の砲塔がある。その直後に後部扉に続く兵員室がある。兵員室は中央を燃料タンクと蓄電池で仕切られ、その左右に各4名分の兵員席が設けられている。

BMP-1 前/側面図
BMP-1 操縦室
BMP-1 後方より

運用

アフガニスタンで撃破され、放置されたままのBMP-1

砲塔をZU-23-2に取り替えたBMP-1（奥の車両）

現在のアフガニスタン政府軍で運用されている

ソ連の新型兵器としては珍しく、翌1967年には早くも赤の広場での革命記念パレードで公開され、当初西側諸国では「M1967」、後に主砲の口径を76mmと予想して「BMP-76」と呼称した。「BMP-1」の制式名称が判明したのは1980年代になってからである^[1]。

斬新なコンセプトを持つBMP-1だったが、初の実戦運用であるアフガニスタン侵攻では少なからず問題を露呈した。中途半端な位置にあった車長席は分隊長席となったが、下車時に車体の上から降りるため、下車時に狙撃される確率が高くなり、下車後に指揮官を失った兵員達が右往左往することになった。兵員は、後部の観音開き式ドアか上部ハッチから乗降するが、両方とも狭く、特に重量がある後部ドアは開閉に力を要し、かがむように乗り降りしなければならなかったため乗下車に時間がかかり、戦闘時に降車する場合の兵員被弾率は高くなってしまった。また、燃料タンク兼用の後部ドアは被弾時に簡単に引火した。これに対応するために、一定以上の衝撃が加わると自動的に後部ドアを車体から切り離す機構が追加で装着されたが、ドアからの燃料配管の遮断バルブの作動が不完全なことが多く、タンク内に燃料が入っている場合には却って燃料を車内に撒き散らし、そこに着火して一挙に車内が炎上した上に兵員室の仕切りの燃料タンクに誘爆して車体が火だるまになるという最悪の結果を多発させた。燃料として使われる軽油は、ガソリンに比べ引火点が高く炎上しにくいといわれるが、榴弾の爆発で発生する高温によって着火してしまうため、第二次世界大戦当時からディーゼルエンジン搭載のソ連製戦闘車輌が多数炎上して失われている。

防御力においては、車体サイズのわりに重量が軽いことにより当初より疑問符がついていたが、RPGの直撃に耐えられないのはもちろん、車体上部のエンジン区画や兵員室側面の銃眼付近の装甲はゲリラ側が使う12.7mm重機関銃や14.5mm対物ライフル程度にも貫通されることがあった。そのため、次期モデルのBMP-2を含めて該当部位にボルト止め増加装甲が取り付けた車両も多数存在する。

主兵装の73mm低圧滑腔砲から発射される砲弾は、低速で横風の影響を受けやすいため500m以上の命中率は50%と著しく低く、最大射程1,500m程の重機関銃にアウトレンジされる始末であった。また、主砲の仰角が33°までしか取れなかったため、近距離で高所に陣取る敵には効率の良い攻撃が不可能だった。対戦車ミサイル9M14 マリュートカの再発射には、停車した状態でわざわざ砲塔から砲手が身を乗り出して飛翔体をレールに装填した上で4枚の翼を取り付ける必要があった上、9M14 マリュートカの飛翔速度は遅く、発射時には大量の噴煙を出すため、位置を露呈させることになった^[2]。こうした武装を有する低平な砲塔を操作するのは1名のみであり、砲手の負担も大きかった。こうした問題から、高角度への有効な攻撃手段を確保するために現地改造で砲塔の9M14 マリュートカ発射機をAGS-17自動擲弾発射器に取り替えたり、兵員室の屋根に2B9自動迫撃砲を装着したりして対応した。

試作車両に比べて拡大したとはいえ、全高が2mに満たない兵員室は窮屈で、長時間車内に搭乗することが苦痛であった。さらに、ベトナム戦争におけるアメリカのM113同様に、地雷により車内の歩兵に大きな損害が生じたため、実戦においては兵員は砲塔後方に跨乗して、アフガンゲリラが攻撃してきたら散開して反撃するという、本来の「装甲に守られた状態で乗車戦闘を行なう」というコンセプト自体が消えうせてしまった^[2]。

BMP-1は画期的な車両ではあったが、高価すぎてソビエト軍でも配備がままならず、従来の装甲兵員輸送車と並行して装備されることとなった^[2]。また、先述したとおり問題が続出したため、後継のBMP-2では、砲塔が車長と砲手の二人用に大型化、後部ドアの燃料タンクの廃止、対戦車ミサイルを9M14から9M113 コンクールス（「競技会」の意）（NATOコードネーム：AT-5 スパンドレル）へ換装する、などの改善が試みられたが、ヨーロッパ地域での西側陣営との機甲戦を想定して設計されたために、抜本的な見直しにはBMP-3の登場まで待つ必要があった。

BMP-1は、ソ連の友好国に対する輸出も行われ、現在でも旧ソ連諸国など、多くの国で現役である。1980年代に入ってからは中国でコピー生産も行われている。アフガニスタンにおいて本車を鹵獲したムジャーヒディーンは砲塔を撤去してZU-23-2対空機関砲を搭載した現地改造型を製作しており、ソ連軍との戦闘やソ連軍撤退後のアフガニスタン内戦において使用している。

派生型

大量かつ多数の国で運用されたため、ソ連だけでなく個々の運用国で多くの派生型が開発・生産されている。

BMP-1P: 搭載するミサイルを9M14 マリュートカから9M113 コンクールス（NATOコードネーム：AT-5 シュパンダー）もしくは9M111 ファゴット（NATOコードネーム：AT-4 スピゴット）に換装した型。現在でも使用されているBMP-1は、このタイプに改修されているものが多い^[2]。
BMP-1D: 対戦車ミサイルの換装、およびBMP-2の増加装甲型に準じた装甲の強化を図った改修型。サイドスカートを大型のものに変更しているのが外見上の識別点。
BMP-1K: 自動車化狙撃兵（機械化歩兵）連隊の移動司令部として使用される指揮官用車両^[1]。武装は通常型と同一だが、通信機器を強化し、後部兵員室には連隊長および副官など3名が乗車する。

BMP-1KSh: 自動車化狙撃兵（機械化歩兵）師団の移動司令部用として使用される野戦指揮所車両。武装は、7.62mm機関銃PKTを1挺装備するのみだが、通信設備を大幅に強化しており、各種有線野戦電話や、軍用/民間用有線電信回線との接続装置も搭載している。また、伸縮式アンテナマストを装備し、車体後部には発電機を搭載している。操縦士の他、指揮官や参謀6-7名を搭乗させることが可能。「Potok（小川の意）」の愛称で呼ばれる。

BRM-1K。カナダ戦争博物館の展示車両

BRM-1K: 司令部付偵察隊用の偵察車両で、砲塔は砲手の他に偵察要員が搭乗できる大型の2名用砲塔となっている。武装は、歩兵戦闘車型と同一の73mm低圧滑腔砲2A28と7.62mm機関銃PKTを装備し、砲塔が大きくなった分狭くなった後部兵員室には2名の偵察要員が搭乗する。搭乗員は計6名。なお、この二名用大型砲塔は、BMP-2の砲塔の原型となった。

PRP-3（オブイェークト767）: 「ヴァル（堡塁の意）」の愛称で呼ばれる砲兵/偵察部隊用観測車両^[1]で、ソビエト（ロシア）軍での分類名称は「機動戦場観測システム搭載車」。BRM-1Kと同じ大型砲塔に各種光学精密観測機器と方位指示機を搭載し、弾道探知レーダーを砲塔後部に搭載している。武装は、7.62mm機関銃PKTのみを装備し、73mm低圧砲2A28は撤去している。

PRP-4/PRP-4M: PRP-3の搭載機器をより能力の高いものに換装した型^[1]。PRP-4Mはレーザー測遠機と熱線暗視機能付き光学精密観測機器を搭載して更に能力を向上させたものである。

RTV: 野戦工作車型^[1]。各種整備機材を搭載。
BRDM-2ARV: ウクライナのハリコフ機関車工場が開発した装甲回収車両。砲塔を撤去した上に1.5トンジブ・クレーン、6.5トンウインチ、VG-7500溶接機などの修理・回収機器を有し、1.5トン分の積載スペースを持つ^[1]。
BMP-SVO: スロバキア製の地雷処理車両。兵員室に24連装の爆薬発射機を装備し、100mx5mの範囲を啓開することが可能^[1]。
AMB-S: スロバキアのポドポリャンスケ・ストラヤルネ・デトバ社が開発した装甲救急車。後部車体を拡張した上で、担架4台と負傷兵9名を収容可^[1]。
2B9M（BMP-1ベース型）: ハンガリー軍の自走迫撃砲。調達の動きに合わせて開発された。後部兵員室を拡張した上にシャッターを備え、2B9 82mm自動迫撃砲を装備する^[1]。
MLI-84: ルーマニアにおけるBMP-1のライセンス生産版装備。エンジンがルーマニア産に交換されている。

BWP-1

ポーランド陸軍のBWP-1

ポーランド軍での名称。基本的には原型のBMP-1と同仕様だが、近年ではBMP-1Pに準じた改修が行われた他、発煙弾発射機が追加されている。

BWP-1M

BWP-1M Puma: BMP-1Dに準じた近代化改修型。対戦車ミサイルの換装、増加装甲の装着などの改修が図られている。

この他、近年ポーランドでは40mm機関砲装備の新型砲塔に換装したBWP-40、新設計の車体上部に新型砲塔を搭載した発展型であるBWP-2000など、独自の改良型がいくつか試作・計画されている^[1]。

BWP-40

OT-90

チェコのVOP026工場による装甲兵員輸送車型。ヨーロッパ通常戦力条約に対応するための策で、砲塔をOT-64装輪装甲車のKPVT重機関銃装備のタイプに交換^[1]。

OT-R5: VOP026工場が開発したコマンドポスト車両。車体後部を大型化し、通信能力を強化。
DTP-90M: OT-R5に1トンクレーン、溶接・牽引機材を装備した野戦工作車両。

BMP-1砲塔換装案

LAV-25やCV90と同型の砲塔と換装する案、ユナイテッド・ディフェンス社製の25mm機関砲搭載砲塔、イタリアのOTOブレーダ製60mm砲搭載砲塔、25mm機関砲を搭載したTC25砲塔、ポーランドのタルナウ社製砲塔（23mm機関砲と対空ミサイルを装備）やポーランド製の23mm機関砲・72mm無反動砲装備砲塔などの砲塔換装案がある^[1]。

86式歩兵戦闘車（WZ-501／ZBD-86）

86式歩兵戦闘車外見はBMP-1と同一

中国北方工業公司によるBMP-1のコピー車両。原型は1980年代にエジプトから入手したとされる。対戦車ミサイルも9M14 マリュートカ（AT-3 サガー）のコピーであるHJ-73 紅箭73を装備する^[1]。

86式歩兵戦闘車（ZBD-86/WZ-501）: BMP-1のフルコピー車両。海軍陸戦隊でも使用され、海軍陸戦隊向けの車両はトリムベーンが大型化されている。
WZ-501A: WZ-501の砲塔を25mm機関砲装備の砲塔に換装した歩兵戦闘車型。BMP-2に倣って開発された。
86B式歩兵戦闘車（ZBD-86B）: 海軍陸戦隊向けに開発された水陸両用装甲兵員輸送車。86式の水上航行性を改善した型で、車体後部に船外発動機を増設し、車体の前後に大型のフロートを増着して車体のアウトラインを舟型とし、フェンダーを大型化、延長された給排気筒を装着するなどの改良が行われている。水上航行時の速力は12km/h。
86G式歩兵戦闘車（ZBD-86G）: 30mm機関砲とHJ-73（紅箭73/9M14 マリュートカ）対戦車ミサイルを搭載した新型砲塔（GCTWM）のテスト車両。その後制式化されて本格的に量産化され、既存の86式も順次砲塔をGCTWM砲塔に換装している。車体重量は14.8tに増加し、車体後部には86B式歩兵戦闘車と同じく外装式の船外発動機を搭載して高速水上航行が可能。
WZ-503: WZ-501を基にした装甲兵員輸送車型。砲塔を撤去して12.7mm重機関銃を装備し、車体高を高くした上で乗降ドアを大型化している。
WZ-504: HJ-73対戦車ミサイルの4連装発射機を装備した戦車駆逐車型。試作のみで本格量産はされていない。

この他、野戦指揮車型や装甲救急車型など、WZ-501/WZ-503を基にした多数の派生型が試作されている。

運用国

アブハジア^[3]
アフガニスタン - 120輛
アルバニア - 17輛以上。1995年に、東ドイツの保有分を取得。
アルジェリア - 700輛
アンゴラ - 55輛
アゼルバイジャン - 114輛
ベラルーシ - 109輛^[4]
ブルガリア - 180輛
カンボジア - 10輛
キューバ - 400輛
チェコ - 「BVP-1」の名称で370輛を使用。一部の車両は砲塔を機関銃塔に換装したOT-90に改造されている。
コンゴ民主共和国 - 20輛
エジプト - 220輛
エチオピア - 50輛
フィンランド - 163輛。東ドイツより取得。逐次退役の見込み。
グルジア - 667輛
ギリシャ - 500輛
ハンガリー - 502輛
インド - 700輛
イラン - 約210輛。2005年の時点。2002年に350輛、1995年に300輛、1990年に150輛以上^[5]。
イラク - 800輛
カザフスタン - 208輛
キルギス - 120輛
リビア - 740輛
モンゴル - 400輛
モロッコ - 50輛
モザンビーク - 40輛
ミャンマー - 少数
北朝鮮 - 200輛
ポーランド - 「BWP-1」の名称で使用。BWP-1 1,321輛。うちBWP-1S 16輛、BWP-1K 22輛^[6]。
ロシア - 3,000輛
スロバキア - 「BVP-1」の名称で383輛を使用。
スリランカ - 12輛
スーダン - 24輛
スウェーデン - 350輛。東ドイツ車輛をドイツより購入し、Pbv 501として制式化^[2]。既に退役。
シリア - 2,250輛
タジキスタン - 9輛^[7]
トルクメニスタン - 930輛（BMP-1とBMP-2の合計）^[8]
ウクライナ - 1,008輛^[9]
ウルグアイ - 10輛
ウズベキスタン - 180輛
ベトナム - 300輛

過去に配備していた国家

チェコスロバキア - 「BVP-1」の名称で使用。ライセンス生産も行われた。1993年にチェコスロバキアがチェコとスロバキアに分離した後はそれぞれの国で引き続き使用されている。
東ドイツ - 530輛以上。後継国に引き継がれた。
ソビエト連邦 - 後継国に引き継がれた。
西ドイツ/ ドイツ - 530輛以上を東ドイツ陸軍より獲得。全てが解体か、他国へ売却された。

登場作品

『FUTURE WAR 198X年』

東西ドイツ国境での戦車戦に登場。9M14 マリュートカで、西側の戦車隊を撃破する。

『オーガストエイト』
『大戦略シリーズ』

旧東側諸国の装備として登場。

『マーセナリーズ』

反乱軍が使用。ロシアン・マフィアのSHOPからも購入可能。

参考文献・出典

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o 日本兵器研究会編『世界の装軌装甲車カタログ』アリアドネ企画 ISBN 4-384-02660-9 2001年
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k 田中義夫編『戦車名鑑 1946~2002 現用編』光栄 ISBN 4-87719-927-6 2002年
^ w:en:Military of Abkhaziaを参照
^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm
^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/ground-equipment.htm
^ http://www.militarium.net/wojsko_polskie/uzbrojenie.php
^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army-equipment.htm
^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/turkmen-army-equipment.htm
^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、BMP-1に関連するメディアがあります。

日本周辺国の軍事兵器-86式歩兵戦闘車（WZ-501/BMP-1）
日本周辺国の軍事兵器-86式歩兵戦闘車の派生型

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle. BMP stands for Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty 1 (Russian: Боевая Машина Пехоты 1; БМП-1), meaning "infantry fighting vehicle".^[11] The BMP-1 was the first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) of USSR.^[8]^[12] It was called the M-1967, BMP and BMP-76PB by NATO before its correct designation was known.^[13]^[14]

The Soviet military leadership saw any future wars as being conducted with nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and a new design combining the properties of an armored personnel carrier (APC) and a light tank like the BMP would allow infantry to operate from the relative safety of its armoured, radiation-shielded interior in contaminated areas and to fight alongside it in uncontaminated areas. It would increase infantry squad mobility, provide fire support to them, and also be able to fight alongside main battle tanks.^[15]

The BMP-1 was first tested in combat in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, where it was used by Egyptian and Syrian forces. Based on lessons learned from this conflict, and early experiences in the Soviet War in Afghanistan, a version with improved fighting qualities was developed, called the BMP-2. It was accepted into service in August 1980.

In 1987, the BMP-3, a radically redesigned vehicle with a completely new weapon system, entered service in limited numbers with the Soviet Army.

1 Development
- 1.1 Models
  - 1.1.1 Table of models
2 Production history
- 2.1 Modernization
3 Description
- 3.1 Driver's station
- 3.2 Commander's station
- 3.3 Turret
  - 3.3.1 Gunner's station
  - 3.3.2 Armament
- 3.4 Troop compartment
- 3.5 Maneuverability
  - 3.5.1 Amphibious capability
- 3.6 Armor protection
  - 3.6.1 Protection issues
- 3.7 Equipment
4 Service history
- 4.1 Soviet Union and Russia
  - 4.1.1 Afghanistan
- 4.2 Others
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links

Development

The Red Army Mechanized infantry tactics during the 1950s were similar to World War II methods in which APCs were used as "battle taxis"; they would keep the infantry in close proximity to the battle-tanks during movement, but on enemy contact they would unload their infantry before retreating to safer areas.^[15] This was in contrast to the German doctrine of infantry fighting vehicles manifested in the Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30, where the vehicles were supposed to stay with the tanks and engage lighter targets, both to take a burden off the tanks and to support their infantry squads.

Existing APCs offered little or no protection from either nuclear or chemical weapons, as they were either open-topped or could not be sealed sufficiently. Furthermore, the infantry had to disembark to be able to use their weapons.^[15]

The requirement for the BMP, which was first drawn up in the late 1950s, stressed speed, good armament, and the ability for all squad members to fire from within the vehicle. The armament had to provide direct support for dismounted infantry in the attack and defense and to be able to destroy comparable light armored vehicles.^[16] The vehicle needed to protect the crew from .50 cal machinegun fire and 20–23 mm caliber autocannons across the frontal arc, as well as from light shell fragments at distances between 500 m and 800 m.^[17]

Firepower consisted of the innovative combination of the 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun and a launcher for the 9M14 Malyutka (AT-3A Sagger A) anti-tank wire-guided missile (ATGM). The gun was intended to engage enemy armored vehicles and firing points at a range of up to 700 metres (770 yd), while the missile launcher was intended to be used against targets that were 500 metres (550 yd) to 3,000 metres (3,300 yd) away.^[17]

Requirements were issued to the various design bureaus between 1959 and 1960. There was a question as to whether the BMP should be tracked or wheeled, so a number of experimental configurations were explored, including hybrid wheeled/tracked designs.^[1]

The tracked Ob'yekt 764 (codename Object 764) was chosen because its front-engine design provided a convenient and fast way of mounting and dismounting through two rear doors. The original prototype was built in 1964, followed by the improved Ob'yekt 765 in 1965, which was accepted by the Army in 1966, under a designation BMP-1.^[2] The 120th Guards Rifle Division was the first unit in the Soviet Union to test prototypes of the new BMP ("objekt 765") infantry fighting vehicle in January–November 1965, under the command of Guards Major Vasiliy Samodelov. Small-scale production began in 1966.^[1]

Models

A large number of variants of the BMP-1 were produced, with the most notable IFV variants being: BMP-2, MLI-84 and Boragh.

Table of models

Characteristics of the main models of the BMP series
	BMP (ob'yekt 765Sp1)	BMP-1 (ob'yekt 765Sp2)	BMP-1 (ob'yekt 765Sp3)	BMP-1P (ob'yekt 765Sp4/5)	BMP-1D	BMP-2	BMP-3
Weight (tonnes)	12.6	13.0	13.2	13.4	14.5	14.0	18.7
Crew	3+8					3+7
Main gun	73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore semi-automatic gun					30 mm 2A42 autocannon	100 mm 2A70 rifled automatic gun/missile-launcher 30 mm 2A72 autocannon
Machine gun(s)	7.62 mm PKT coaxial						3 × 7.62 mm PKT (1 coaxial, 2 bow mounted)
ATGM (NATO designation)	9M14 "Malyutka" (AT-3 Sagger) and variants			9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel) or 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and variants	9M14 "Malyutka" or 9M113 "Konkurs" or removed (on most vehicles)^[18]	9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel) or 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and variants	9M117 "Bastion" (AT-10 Stabber)
Engine	UTD-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped airless-injection water-cooled diesel developing 300 hp (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm					UTD-20S1 diesel developing 300 hp (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm	UTD-29M 10-cylinder diesel developing 500 hp (375 kW) at 2,600 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio hp/tonne (kW/tonne)	23.8 (17.8)	23.1 (17.2)	22.7 (17.0)	22.4 (16.7)	20.7 (15.5)	21.4 (16.0)	26.7 (20.0)

Production history

The BMP went into production with the Soviet Army in 1966. The first series (Ob'yekt 765 Sp1, "specification 1") was produced until 1969. It was replaced by the improved production model, the BMP-1 (the Ob'yekt 765 Sp2), which was produced from 1969 until 1973. This, in turn, was replaced by the Ob'yekt 765 Sp3, which was a modernized, 200 kg heavier version that was produced from 1973 to 1979. A number of improvements were made to the reliability of the chassis, engine and transmission during mass production. The last version of the BMP-1 IFV (BMP-1P, Ob'yekt 765 Sp4), which was produced from 1979 to 1983, was armed with a more powerful ATGM launcher 9P135M-1 for the ATGM "Konkurs"/"Fagot". The main manufacturer of the BMP-1 and its different variants was the Kurgan Machine Building Works (Kurganskiy Mashinostroitelyniy Zavod), but PRP-3 artillery reconnaissance vehicles were produced by the Chelyabinsk Tractor Works (ChTZ) and PRP-4/PRP-4M artillery reconnaissance vehicles were produced by the Rubtsovsk Engineering Works (RMZ). Upgrades of the BMP-1 were performed by KMZ as well as by tank repair workshops of the Ministry of Defence during scheduled and major overhauls. More than 20,000 BMP-1s and vehicles based on it were built in the USSR.

BMP-1 with eight passengers

BMP-1s were produced under license by Czechoslovakia (BVP-1), Romania (MLI-84) and India.^[19] Since 1986, the People's Republic of China has produced its own unlicensed copy called the Type 86 (WZ 501). The number of Type 86 IFVs and vehicles based on it is around 3,000.^[4] It is still in service with the People's Liberation Army. From 1997, Iran produced its own modification of the BMP-1, the Boragh, which resembles the Chinese WZ 503.

Rear view of a plinthed BMP-1 in Lebyazhye, Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Czechoslovak BVP-1s were produced by VOP 026 Excaliburarmy.

Modernization

In the mid-1970s, after analysis of the use of light AFVs during the Yom Kippur, Angolan and Vietnam wars, a modernization program was begun that resulted in the BMP-1P (Ob'yekt 765 Sp4). The main changes were the replacement of the largely ineffective 9M14M Malyutka ATGM with the more reliable, longer range and more powerful 9P135M or 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher.^[20] It was located on a special pintle mount on top of the turret roof, that could fire the SACLOS guided 9M113 and 9M113M Konkurs-M ATGMs,^[20] which increased armor penetration to 670 mm (26 in) and had an extended range of 4,000 m (4,400 yd). The 9P135M-1 launcher was also capable of firing 9M111 and 9M111-2 Fagot ATGMs. The Malyutka loading hatch was usually welded shut and the mounting bracket was removed. The new missiles were somewhat difficult to use since the gunner had to stand in his open hatch, exposing himself to hostile fire.^[20] It is possible to detach the 9P135M(1) ATGM launcher from the turret and use it from the ground. The BMP-1P was equipped with neutron weapon protection covering and a new fire-extinguishing system for protection against napalm. Later BMP-1Ps were fitted with an array of six 902V "Tucha" 81 millimetres (3.2 in) calibre smoke grenade launchers at the rear of the turret.^[20] Some were also equipped with the track-width KMT-10 mine plow. The BMP-1P replaced the BMP-1 in production in 1979 and many BMP-1s were upgraded to the new standard during the 1980s.^[20]

The BMP-1PG model added a 30 mm (1.2 in) AGS-17 "Plamya" automatic grenade launcher on top of the turret on the left side, for which it carries 290 grenades. Some BMP-1s had the AGS-17 added during major repairs (Ob'yekt 765Sp8).

A non-amphibious BMP-1D (the so-called 'Afghan' variant), was built in 1982 for assault units in Afghanistan. It had 5 mm thick appliqué steel armor plates on the hull sides with holes for side firing ports as well as armor plate under the commander's and driver's seats for added protection against mines. It also had large steel armored skirts fitted to the sides of the hull covering the suspension. Firing ports were added into the top hatches of the troop compartment and a stowage box was placed on the roof at the rear of the hull on some vehicles. The 9S428 ATGM launcher was often removed and replaced by an AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher.

Due to experience in Afghanistan, a new version with enhanced fighting capabilities, the BMP-2, was introduced in 1980. It had a new two-man turret armed with a 30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon and a 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 Konkurs and 9M113M Konkurs-M as well as 9M111 and 9M111-2 Fagot ATGMs.

Later modernization plans included mounting the turret of the BMD-2 IFV on to BMP-1s, but the vehicle never left the design phase. Recent proposals for the modernization of BMP-1s include mounting new turrets armed with a 25 to 30 mm (0.98 to 1.18 in) autocannon, or a TKB-799 Kliver one-man weapons station with a computerized fire control system, armed with a missile pod (which can be armed with either four 9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan) or 9M133F Kornet ATGMs or 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) SAMs), a 30 mm 2A72 dual-purpose autocannon and a 7.62 mm (0.300 in) PKTM coaxial machine gun (BMP-1M).^[7]^[21]

See BMP-1 variants article for a complete list of BMP-1 modifications and variants based on it.

Description

The BMP-1 is a fully amphibious tracked vehicle, with a front-engined chassis developed especially for it, a welded steel hull with a sharp, sloping front with a conspicuously ridged surface, a centrally located, flat, truncated cone turret and a troop compartment at the rear.^[22]

Driver's station

Two Bulgarian Army soldiers man the driver's and gunner's stations, while a US Army soldier occupies the commander's position of a Bulgarian BMP-1 IFV.

The driver sits in the front on the left side of the hull. He has three TNPO-170 periscope vision-blocks to provide vision when his hatch is closed.^[23] The driver's center vision block can be replaced with a TVNO-2 active night binocular vision device for use in night and poor visibility conditions or with a TNPO-350B extended periscope when swimming with the trim vane erected.^[10]^[23] The BMP was the first Soviet armored vehicle to use a simple yoke steering system.^[24]

Commander's station

The commander's station is located behind the driver's station and is provided with a removable OU-3GA2 or OU-3GK infrared searchlight with an effective range of about 400 metres (440 yd).^[25] A dual mode (day/night) TKN-3B 5x/4.2x magnification binocular vision device is coupled to the infrared searchlight. Two periscope vision blocks are also fitted with a heating and cleaning system.^[26]^[27] The commander's station is equipped with an R-123M radio set.

Turret

Gunner's station of a BMP-1 training turret at Parola Tank Museum, Finland. Note the ammunition stowage.

The BMP-1 has a conical turret equipped with a fume extraction system and an electric traverse drive with a manual backup system.^[14] The main gun has a dead-zone over the commander's hatch (between the 10:00 and 11:00 o'clock positions), where the gun must be elevated over the infra-red searchlight to avoid crushing it. When the gun is facing backwards, it prevents hatches on top of the troop compartment from opening. The low profile of the turret makes it a difficult target. The same turret is used in the BMD-1.

Gunner's station

The gunner's station is located to the left of the main gun. The gunner has a dual mode (day/night) 1PN22M1 6x/6.7x magnification image intensifying monocular periscope sight, four day-use periscope vision blocks, an optical rangefinder and an OU-3GK removable infrared or white-light searchlight.^[27] The 1PN22M1 sight has a maximum range of 400 metres (440 yd) at night, 900 metres (980 yd) with the use of the infra-red searchlight.^[8]^[22]^[27] The sight is marked stadiametricly with the apparent size of a 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) tall tank at various ranges.

The original sight was replaced with the 1PN22M2, which has an additional scale for the OG-15V HE-Frag rounds used by the Ob'yekt 765Sp3, produced from July 1974. The new sight has two day scales for the two projectiles – one from 200 to 1,600 metres (220 to 1,750 yd) and the other from 400 to 1,300 metres (440 to 1,420 yd).^[27]

Armament

Gun

Detailed view of the BMP-1's turret at Bolling Air Force Base.

Main armament is the 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore semi-automatic gun. It is fed from a 40-round magazine located around the turret ring.^[28] Cyclic rate of fire is 8 to 10 rounds per minute, with the gun returning to an elevation of +3° 30' to reload after each shot if the autoloader is used. The gun can be reloaded by hand if necessary. Some units removed the autoloader altogether when new vehicles were delivered, but the mechanized ammunition conveyor magazine was kept. High-explosive ammunition, introduced in 1974, can only be loaded manually, from a conveyor.^[2]

The 2A28 'Grom' smoothbore gun fires the same PG-15V projectiles as the SPG-9 infantry light recoilless gun, but with a smaller propellant charge. The PG-15V HEAT warhead can penetrate 280 to 350 mm (11 to 14 in) of steel armor – more than enough to penetrate the frontal armor of NATO MBTs of the 1970s, such as the US M60A1, the British Chieftain or the German Leopard 1.^[28] The modernized PG-9 shell is able to penetrate up to 400 mm (16 in) of steel armor. Under battlefield conditions, it has a maximum effective range of 500 m (550 yd).^[29]

OG-15V high explosive ammunition was made available only from 1974.^[2] The warhead has twice the weight of explosives as the anti-armor PG-15V; it is intended for use against troops or soft targets.^[28]

A coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is mounted to the right of the main armament^[28] for which the BMP-1 carries 2,000 rounds.^[30]

The 2A28 'Grom' gun and PKT coaxial machine gun cannot be accurately fired while the vehicle is on the move over rough ground as the turret is unstabilised.^[28]

Missile

Mounted on the gun mantlet, the ATGM launcher is capable of firing the 9M14 Malyutka, (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A); the 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) and the 9M14P Malyutka-P (NATO: AT-3C Sagger C), all of which are intended to be used against enemy MBTs and other AFVs at distances from 500 to 3,000 m (550 to 3,280 yd). These ATGMs can penetrate up to 400 mm (16 in) of steel armor (NATO standard at the time).^[2] 9M14P missile can be used in manual mode only, like older missiles, without advantages of semi-automatic guidance.

The BMP-1 carries four ATGMs with their launching rails as a standard^[2] (two inside the turret and two inside the hull). In theory, a fifth missile can be carried on the launcher. The missiles are loaded onto a rail launcher through a small rectangular hatch in a turret's roof behind the launcher. Each 9M14M weighs 10.9 kg (24 lb), a 9M14P is 11.4 kg (25 lb). These missiles can only be fired in daylight because of the lack of a night sight. A guidance device used in the BMP-1 has the code 9S428.^[2] Besides such advantages as interference immunity and simple control equipment, wire-guided ATGMs are hampered by significant disadvantages, such as: a relatively low flight speed, response delay, the inability to load a new missile until the previous one has reached its target and a very long minimum range (500 m (550 yd)).^[14] Successful operation of the ATGM while the vehicle is on the move requires a very skilled gunner.

Those BMP-1s still in Russian service that were not modernized to BMP-1P standard, can now use 9M14-2 Malyutka-2 (NATO: AT-3D Sagger D) ATGMs (developed in 1995), which have either a tandem shaped-charge or high-explosive thermobaric warhead.^[13]^[31]

The BMP-1 was a threat to NATO APCs, light AFVs, and even MBTs of its time, by use of its main gun or ATGM. Nevertheless, the strong anti-tank focus of its armament didn't provide sufficient firepower against enemy unarmored vehicles, infantry and light fortified positions, especially during mountain battles, (mostly due to the low elevation angle of the main gun). The appearance of the more successful BMP-2 armed with the 30 mm 2A42 dual-purpose autocannon solved this serious problem.^{[citation needed]}

Troop compartment

The BMP-1's firing ports location and firing arcs.

The troop compartment located at the rear of the vehicle can carry up to eight soldiers. There are four firing ports on each side of the vehicle and a single firing port in the left rear door; a combination fume extractor hose and cartridge deflector is provided to clip on to weapons at each station.^[32]

BMP-1 troop compartment (Polish-modified)

Soldiers sit on two padded benches along the center line of the vehicle and face the sides. Vehicle batteries, electric equipment and the main 330 l (73 imp gal; 87 US gal) fuel tank are located between the benches, with tool stowage beneath.^[32] There are four large D-shaped hatches in the roof of the hull, which can be opened from the troop compartment. The airtight rear doors of the troop compartment also contain fuel tanks.^[32]

Space inside the troop compartment is limited. There is little room for personal equipment, which leads to it being stowed outside while on operation, sometimes limiting rearward traverse of the turret. The seating is also cramped, especially for troops in full battle dress.^[32]

Maneuverability

The 300 horsepower (224 kW) UTD-20 six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine is located in the centre of the front hull, behind the transmission, with the cooling system to the right and radiator above.^[33] The engine drives a manual gearbox with five forward and one reverse gear.^[10] The steering system considerably reduces driver fatigue, especially when compared to the usual lever systems to control the tracks in the older tracked AFVs; so the BMP is very fast and manouvrable, even if the long, pointed nose can give some problems when crossing large trenches. The fuel tanks have a maximum capacity of 462 liters. The diesel engine is of a multifuel design and can use DL (summer) or DZ (winter). It can also use TS-1 kerosene.^[34]

The BMP-1 has a maximum road speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph), which is reduced to around 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph) off-road.^[8]^[13]

The BMP-1 can climb 0.7 metres (2.3 ft) high vertical obstacles, and cross 2.5 metres (2.7 yd) wide trenches. It can be driven on 25° side slopes and can climb 35° gradients.^[8]^[19]^[35]

The drive sprockets are at the front with six road wheels, using torsion bar suspension.^[22] The BMP-1 has a ground pressure of (0.6 kg/cm²) and is able to cross snow-covered and boggy terrain. It has the range, off-road speed and cross-country ability necessary to keep up with fast-moving MBTs.

Amphibious capability

Two US Marines lower the trim vane on the front of an Iraqi BMP-1 captured during Operation Desert Storm, 17 March 1991

The BMP-1 is amphibious, propelling itself in the water using its tracks, assisted by hydrodynamic fairings on the track upper side covers. Top swimming speed is 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 mph). The shape of the hull and some features (hollow road wheels and road wheel arms with air chambers) aid flotation. The BMP-1 can overcome water barriers with a current of up to 1.2 metres (1.3 yd) per second and waves up to 0.25 metres (0.82 ft) high. More challenging conditions require engineer support.^[8]

Before entering the water, the trim vane at the front of the hull should be erected to prevent water from flooding over the bow. While in its traveling position, it serves as additional frontal armor. The rear doors of the troop compartment must be closed tightly before entering the water.

The BMP-1 can cross water obstacles such as rivers and lakes but it is not intended for sea landing operations.

Armor protection

The vehicle's armor is welded rolled steel varying in thickness between 6 millimetres (0.24 in) thick on the top of the hull and 33 millimetres (1.3 in) on the mantlet of the main gun.^[10] The original requirements called for protection against 23 mm armor-piercing rounds across the frontal arc fired from 500 metres (550 yd) and for protection against 7.62 mm armor-piercing rounds across the side and rear arcs from 75 metres (82 yd).

The BMP-1's steeply sloped frontal armor can withstand artillery shell fragments, small arms fire and existing .50 caliber (12.7 mm) heavy machine gun AP and API rounds over 60° of the frontal arc from all distances.^[14] The very high angle of the hull frontal armor increases the probability of ricochets, and the trim vane in the traveling position adds little additional protection. On most examples, the front armor is immune to 20 millimeter Oerlikon KAD or HS820 auto-cannon fire from ranges greater than 100 meters, but armor quality varies quite significantly with the nationality of a factory.^{[citation needed]}

The side, rear and top armor protect the BMP-1 from 7.62 mm small arms fire from most distances as well as smaller artillery shell fragments, but do not protect the vehicle against 12.7 mm heavy machine gun fire from close distances or larger artillery shell fragments. Nevertheless, ground tests demonstrated that rear doors with their fuel tanks filled with sand withstood hits from standard 12.7 mm rounds.^[8] In Afghanistan and Chechnya, armor-piercing 7.62 mm rounds fired from general-purpose machine guns at ranges of around 30 – 50 m sometimes penetrated the rear doors and hatches.^[36] During the First Persian Gulf War, the armor protection of the BMP-1 proved vulnerable to the armor-piercing rounds of the US M2/M3 Bradley's 25 millimetres (0.98 in) M242 Bushmaster autocannon.^[37] During the intense fighting in Chechnya, no penetration of the BMP-1/BMD-1 turret front armor were noticed because the turret made for a small target and had relatively thick frontal armor compared to other parts of the vehicle.^[38]

Armor^[10]

26–33 mm gun mantlet

23 mm at 42° turret front

19 mm at 36° turret side

13 mm at 30° turret rear

6 mm turret top

7 mm at 80° upper hull front

19 mm at 57° hull lower front

16 mm at 14° hull upper side

18 mm at 0° hull lower side

16 mm at 19° hull rear

6 mm hull top

7 mm hull belly rear

Protection issues

The BMP-1 had significant shortcomings in its protection scheme, which only became obvious during the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It seats its driver and commander in a tandem layout, on the left side of the hull front, alongside the diesel engine. When an antitank mine hits the BMP-1's left track, the explosion usually destroyed one to three left side roadwheels, penetrated the bottom and killed or seriously wounded both the driver and the commander, which caused painful losses of specialist personnel in the Soviet Army. Drivers laid sandbags on the bottom of their compartment in an effort to protect themselves against possible mine attack. The same kind of explosion under the right track were much less dramatic for the driver and the commander who remained relatively safe.^[36] If the vehicle hit a tilt-rod antitank mine, its steeply sloped lower front glacis plate allowed the mine's arming rod to tilt with little resistance until the mine was well under the chassis. When it eventually detonated, the blast was usually sufficient to kill or badly wound the driver and the commander. From 1982, the Soviet 40th Army in Afghanistan began to receive improved BMP-1Ds (the so-called "Afghan" variant), which, among other improvements, included an additional armored plate under the driver's and commander's stations. This situation was addressed in the later BMP-2 design, where the commander shares the two-man turret with the gunner. The driver's and engine compartments could be equipped with additional bottom armor for improved protection against landmines filled with up to 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) of explosives.

Iraqi BMP-1 in a field after being hit several times and burnt out during Operation Desert Storm, 1 February 1991.

There is also a protection issue concerning the reloading of the 9M14 "Malyutka" and 9M14M "Malyutka-M" ATGMs in NBC conditions, because doing it through the small hatch from inside the vehicle would destroy whatever protection the fighting compartment's NBC protection suite gave.

The compactness and low silhouette of the vehicle are generally advantages on a battlefield. Critical areas, such as the engine compartment, the ammunition storage area, fuel cells and the troop compartment, are located in a manner that became the standard for many IFVs and APCs. Penetration anywhere in these areas will often result in mobility and/or firepower damage and/or disabling of the personnel.^[13]

BMP-1 and BMP-2 series vehicles share a major drawback with many Soviet tanks. Ammunition is stored near or even inside the fighting compartment, which makes them more vulnerable to a hit from an anti-tank round or a missile across the side arc. If that happens, the ammunition often explodes, killing everyone and completely destroying the vehicle.^[37] During the fighting in Afghanistan and Chechnya, hits by rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) penetrated the BMP-1's armor in 95% of cases. This often resulted in the vehicle burning until the ammunition exploded.^[36] Due to these limitations, Soviet/Russian soldiers customarily rode on the outside of the BMP-1, sitting on top of the hull while in combat zones. This tactic had also been adopted by their American counterparts during the Vietnam war, when they found that their own M113 APCs were vulnerable to RPG attack. It has an obvious downside on the likelihood of passenger survivability in a war-zone. The armor of BMP-1 IFVs is also insufficient to deal with AP cannon rounds – sufficiently thick armor would increase the weight of the BMP-1 considerably and jeopardize its amphibious ability. Some military analysts support the idea of returning to the concept of open-topped APCs, as the armor of light AFVs cannot protect the crew from anti-tank weapons. Modern APCs are mostly used in local conflicts instead of hypothetical large-scale wars with NBC weapons.

The rear doors are hollow fuel tanks, each has a periscope at the top, and the left door has a firing port.

One side of the troop compartment. Seats are back to back with a fuel tank between them. Fume extractors can be seen on the hull to the right, these clip on to weapons when they are used through the firing ports.

The problem most often cited by western analysts is the design of the main fuel tank. Due to the low profile of the vehicle, the designers have had to place the fuel tank between the two rows of outward-facing seats, meaning that the infantrymen sit very close to the bulk of the vehicle's fuel storage; extra fuel is carried in the hollow armored rear doors. Therefore, a hit by an armor-piercing incendiary round would set the fuel contained there (especially, if kerosene is used instead of diesel), on fire. The burning fuel would move into the crew compartment, resulting in the death or injury to the infantrymen (if they are unable to leave the vehicle via the roof hatches), and a possible explosion. However, the rear door tanks are almost always empty when the BMP goes into combat, as they are only meant to increase the road travel range of the vehicle. In intense war areas where the BMP sees action often, and it is relatively near to its base of operations, instructions highly recommend detaching the rear door tanks from the fuel system, filling them with sand as additional protection for the troop compartment and adding fuel to the internal main fuel tank from other sources when the need arises. This was not practiced by some BMP-1s crews during a number of local conflicts, e.g., in Chechnya, which resulted in frequent attempts by the enemy to hit the rear doors of the BMP-1s. The inner fuel tank is more vulnerable than that of many modern IFVs – the thin side armor means that penetration is likely to occur to the inner fuel tank as well.

Another potential flaw in the BMP-1 is its troop seating layout. In order to allow the infantrymen to use their assault rifles and machine guns while on the move, firing ports were installed in the sides of the hull and in the left rear door. Soldiers are seated on two back-to-back benches, mounted along the center line of the troop compartment. If hit by a more advanced type of magnetic anti-tank mine, the resulting explosion could kill the entire complement of infantrymen. In many other troop carriers, soldiers are seated on separate benches against the hull sides. This layout might prohibit the use of infantry weapons from inside the troop compartment, but in most cases the loss of life from a mine would be significantly less, although the loss of lower limbs would still be frequent. It should also be noted that most conscript soldiers do not receive much training in firing from inside the vehicle while it's moving. Even for professional soldiers, the unstabilized firing port periscopes makes it very difficult to conduct aimed fire while on the move. Nevertheless, the ability of soldiers to use their weapons from inside the vehicle is of extreme importance during urban warfare, especially, when repulsing enemy ambushes.^{[citation needed]}

The BMP-1 has no air conditioning or air cooling system, its crew members and passengers suffer heavily in hot climates as its air filtration system and exhaust-ventilation fans cannot provide any comfort at high temperatures.^[36] During the Yom Kippur War, crews kept some of the roof hatches open. This meant that they were vulnerable to machine gun fire from higher ground. Only a few examples of the BMP-1 were intended for export – mainly to countries with a hot climate (for example, the Slovak-Belorussian "Cobra-S"), they are equipped with an air conditioning system. The cooling system for the engine is improved, as is the additional forced air cooling system of the engine compartment and radiator. The exhaust system helps to eject gases together with hot air from the engine compartment through the grille located on the right side of the hull roof in front of the turret.

Equipment

The BMP-1 can make its own smoke screen by injecting vaporized diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold using the TDA engine thermal smoke generating system.^[39] Later models also have an array of 902V Tucha smoke grenade launchers which can form a screen 80 m (87 yd) wide, 200 to 300 m (220 to 330 yd) in front of the vehicle.^[39]

A number of BMP-1s were fitted with mountings for the KMT-10 plow-type mine-clearing system in the early 1980s. It is installed on the front of the hull in line with the tracks. The plow weighs 450 kg (990 lb) and can be attached in 30 minutes. Emergency detaching takes around 10 minutes. The KMT-10 is intended for clearing anti-tank mines under different ground conditions. It is pneumatically driven and takes four seconds to switch from the traveling position to the digging position. The mine-clearing plows are very narrow, with just two digging tines, each 300 mm (12 in) wide, (the same as each track), which limits them to clearing surface-laid mines, in particular scatterable anti-tank mines. A chain mounted between the plows can detonate tilt-rod mines. Maximum mine-clearing speed is 15 km/h (9.3 mph).^[14]^[40]^[41]

When the NBC protection system is configured and operating, the crew and passengers are protected from chemical weapons, biological agents and nuclear fallout by an air filtration and overpressure system, which consists of the NBC filter element and the blower/dust separator.^[14]

BMP-1s were equipped with one RPG-7/RPG-7V^[7] shoulder-launched anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) and five PG-7 rounds or one 9K32 Strela-2/9K38 Igla man-portable anti-aircraft missile launcher and two replacement missiles.^[22] It carries 1600 rounds for two PK general-purpose machine guns.

Service history

Map of BMP-1 operators in blue with former operators in red

Currently, the major BMP-1 operators, each with over a thousand vehicles in active service, are Russia, India, Poland, and the People's Republic of China.

Soviet Union and Russia

The BMP-1 entered service with the Soviet Army in 1966. The BMP-1 was first seen by Westerners during the 7 November 1967 military parade in Moscow. Its appearance created a stir in the West,^{[citation needed]} where lightly armed APCs were still the norm for transportation and infantry support on the battlefield.

In the Soviet Army, BMP-1s were typically issued to motorized rifle divisions and the motorized rifle regiments of tank divisions, where they replaced the BTR-152, BTR-50P and some BTR-60P APCs.^{[citation needed]}

Currently, BMP-1s and vehicles based on it are used by the Russian Army and internal security troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).

Afghanistan

BMP-1s were widely used in Afghanistan by motorized rifle and tank units. They were also operated by some special forces. In 1982, as a result of combat experience, a version with applique armor was introduced, called BMP-1D (D='desantnaya'=paratroopers). That version did not have amphibious capability [not critical in Afghanistan environment]. Many field modifications were made to their BMP-1s by various units.

Others

Other BMP operators have included Poland, Egypt, Syria, the People's Republic of China, Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Germany, Greece, Slovakia and Sweden.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 7–8
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Semyon Fedoseev. "BMP-1". Tekhnika i Vooruzhenie no.4/2001, p. 4-12. (Russian)
^ БОЕВЫЕ МАШИНЫ ПЕХОТЫ (БМП) И СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ МАШИНЫ НА ИХ БАЗЕ (in Russian). militaryparitet.com. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b BMP-1
^ Československo v minulosti vyvezlo 35 000 tanků a obrněnců
^ Army Equipment
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Malyshev S. (2002). Tanks in Russia. Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty BMP-1 (1964–2000) (in Russian). Russian Motor Books. ISBN 5-09-873406-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
^ John Pike. "BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chris Foss. Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2686-X.
^ "Soderzhaniye" (PDF). Military Parade. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
^ "BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Warfare.ru
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "A Brief Guide to Russian Armored Fighting Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2001-12-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 6.
^ Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 239
^ ^a ^b Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 7.
^ БМП-1Д
^ ^a ^b "BMP-1". Militarium.net 2 (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 14
^ БМП-1 (in Russian). rustrana.ru. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "BMP-1". Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 18.
^ Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 249
^ Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 246
^ Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 18–19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pancerni.net (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 22
^ Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 248
^ Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 40
^ ПТРК 9К11/9К14 «Малютка» (in Russian)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 19–20.
^ Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 17.
^ Вооружение БМП-1
^ Administrator. "BMP-1 [ZSRR]: Strona 2 – Pancerni.net". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d БРОНЕТАНКОВАЯ ТЕХНИКА В АФГАНИСТАНЕ (1979–1989)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Czołgi Świata" (World's Tanks or Tanks Of The World) magazine issue 18
^ Уроки Чечни
^ ^a ^b Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 21.
^ "-10". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ "- - - -10". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

References

Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1. Памятка экипажу по эксплуатации (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1. Service Instruction for a Crew) (in Russian). The Ministry of Defence of USSR. 1974.
Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1. Техническое описание и инструкция по эксплуатации (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1. Technical Description and Service Instruction) (in Russian). The Ministry of Defence of USSR. 1979.
Fedoseev S.L. (2001). Иллюстрированный справочник. Боевые машины пехоты (Illustrated Guide. Infantry Fighting Vehicles) (in Russian). Astrel', AST. ISBN 5-17-008788-8.
Foss, Christopher F. (2005). Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2686-8.
Grau, Lester W. (January 1997). "Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience". Red Thrust Star, US Army.
Holyavskiy G.L. (2001). Энциклопедия бронетехники. Гусеничные боевые машины (Encyclopedia of Armoured Vehicles. Tracked Fighting Vehicles) (in Russian). Harvest. ISBN 985-13-0035-7.
Hull/Markov/Zaloga (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions. ISBN 1-892848-01-5.
Karpenko A.V. (1996). Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905–1995 г.г.) (Overview of Native Armoured Vehicles, 1905–1995) (in Russian). Nevskiy Bastion.
Malyshev S. (2002). Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1 (1964–2000) (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1, 1964–2000) (in Russian). Russian Motor Books. ISBN 5-09-873406-4.
Szulc, Tomasz (January 2000). "Modernizacje bojowego wozu piechoty BMP-1 cz.I" (in Russian). Nowa Technika Wojskowa. ISSN 1230-1655.
Tsouras, P.G. (1994). Changing Orders: The evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present. Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3122-3.
Witkowski, Igor (1993). Lekkie i średnie opancerzone wozy bojowe (in Russian). WiS. ISBN 83-86028-02-5.
Zaloga S., Sarson P. (1994). BMP Infantry Fighting Vehicle, 1967–94. New Vanguard 14. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-433-6.

External links

RUSSIAN BMP-1 Mechanised Infantry Combat Vehicle – Walk around photos
Warsaw Pact OOB as of June 1989
Information in French, a lot of photos including the BMP-1 in Soviet Army service
"General information, photos". Archived from the original on 2001-12-08.
in Russian, general information
in Russian, photos (including BMP-1 on water) and specifications^{[dead link]}
in Russian, information about development
"in Russian, quite detailed article with correct information and good photos". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
in Russian, list of BMP variants with short information about them
Video about BMP-1 on YouTube
BMP-1 information
BMP in a firefighting mission of DHZ POLE, Slovakia

UpToDate Contents

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Porcine dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), the most abundant noncollagenous protein in dentin, is critical for proper mineralization of tooth dentin. DSPP is processed by proteases into 3 major domains: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). There are
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BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases synchronize matrix assembly with growth factor activation to promote morphogenesis and tissue remodeling.

Vadon-Le Goff S1, Hulmes DJ1, Moali C2.
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PMID 25701650

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… Porcine DSPP is expressed and secreted by odontoblasts and is processed by BMP-1, MMP-20 and MMP-2 into three main parts: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). …
NAID 130004475699

Related Pictures

BMP-1 - Russian Military Wiki BMP-1 - JungleKey.fr Image FIRST PHOTO OF A FRESHLY ACQUIRED NIGERIAN ARMY BVP ARMOURED INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE BMP-1 Images BMP-1 - Wikiwand BMP-1 in WOT - Light Tanks - World of Tanks official forum bmp images - usseek.com

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「骨形成タンパク質1」「bone morphogenetic protein 1」
関連記事	「B」「BM」

「骨形成タンパク質1」

BMP-1
BMP-1
	Ex-Iraqi BMP-1 captured by US forces in Iraq during the First Gulf War.
Type	Infantry fighting vehicle
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1966–present
Used by	Soviet Union, Russia, Poland, Egypt, Mongolia, Syria, China, Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Germany, Greece, Finland and Sweden.
Wars	See Service history and Combat history
Production history
Designer	Pavel Isakov (Design Bureau of the ChTZ)
Designed	1961–1965
Manufacturer	Kurgan Engineering Works (KMZ) (USSR); VOP 026 ExcaliburArmy(Czechoslovakia); See also Production history section for details.
Produced	1966–1982 (USSR)
Number built	More than 20,000 of all variants (USSR); More than 3,000 of all variants (PRC); 18,000 (Czechoslovakia); ≈800 (India)
Variants	BMP-1, BMP-2, MLI-84, Boragh, see also BMP-1 variants.
Specifications (Ob'yekt 765Sp3)
Weight	13.2 tonnes (13.0 long tons; 14.6 short tons)
Length	6.735 m (22 ft 1.2 in)
Width	2.94 m (9 ft 8 in)
Height	2.068 m (6 ft 9.4 in); 1.881 m (6 ft 2.1 in) to turret top
Crew	3 (commander, driver and gunner) + 8 passengers
Armor	6–33 mm (0.24–1.30 in) welded rolled steel
Main; armament	73 mm 2A28 Grom low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun (40 rounds); ATGM launcher for 9M14 Malyutka (4 rounds)
Secondary; armament	7.62 mm PKT coaxial machinegun (2,000 rounds)
Engine	UTD-20, 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped airless-injection water-cooled multifuel 15.8 liter diesel; 300 hp (224 kW) at 2,600 rpm
Power/weight	22.7 hp/tonne (17.0 kW/tonne)
Suspension	individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers on the 1st and 6th road wheels
Ground clearance	370 mm (15 in)
Fuel capacity	462 l (102 imp gal; 122 US gal)
Operational; range	600 km (370 mi) road; 500 km (310 mi) off-road
Speed	65 km/h (40 mph) road; 45 km/h (28 mph) off-road; 7–8 km/h (4.3–5.0 mph) water

BMP-1
	湾岸戦争で鹵獲されたイラク軍のBMP-1
基礎データ
全長	6.74m
全幅	2.94m
全高	2.15m
重量	14t
乗員数	3名
乗員配置	乗員3名、歩兵8名
装甲・武装
装甲	33mm
主武装	73mm低圧滑腔砲2A28 ×1門; 9M14 マリュートカ（AT-3 サガー）対戦車ミサイル ×1基
副武装	7.62mm機関銃PKT ×1丁
機動力
速度	65km/h（整地）; 45km/h（不整地）; 8km/h（水上）
エンジン	UTD-20; V型6気筒液冷ディーゼル; 300hp/2,000rpm
懸架・駆動	トーションバー
行動距離	600km
	テンプレートを表示

　　[★]

英: bone morphogenetic protein 1、BMP-1

「bone morphogenetic protein 1」

　　[★]

骨形成タンパク質1

関: BMP-1

「B」

　　[★]

気管分岐部下緑
補体のalternative pathwayに関わる蛋白質

Mg2+存在下でC3, B, Dが反応してC3bBbとなり、これがC3転換酵素(C3bBb)あるいはC5転換酵素(C3bBb3b)を形成する。これらはP(properdin)と結合して活性化し、それぞれC3、C5を活性化する

「BM」

　　[★]

骨髄、基底膜

関: basal lamina、basal laminae、basal membrane、basement membrane、bone marrow、myelo、myeloid

[nihonheiki-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o 日本兵器研究会編『世界の装軌装甲車カタログ』アリアドネ企画 ISBN 4-384-02660-9 2001年

[sensyanenkan-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k 田中義夫編『戦車名鑑 1946~2002 現用編』光栄 ISBN 4-87719-927-6 2002年

[3] w:en:Military of Abkhaziaを参照

[4] ttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm

[5] ttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/ground-equipment.htm

[6] ttp://www.militarium.net/wojsko_polskie/uzbrojenie.php

[7] ttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/tajik-army-equipment.htm

[8] ttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/turkmen-army-equipment.htm

[9] ttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm

[Z.26S7-8-1] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 7–8

[tvo-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Semyon Fedoseev. "BMP-1". Tekhnika i Vooruzhenie no.4/2001, p. 4-12. (Russian)

[militaryparitet-3] БОЕВЫЕ МАШИНЫ ПЕХОТЫ (БМП) И СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ МАШИНЫ НА ИХ БАЗЕ (in Russian). militaryparitet.com. Retrieved 13 December 2009.

[Deagel_BMP-1-4] BMP-1

[5] Československo v minulosti vyvezlo 35 000 tanků a obrněnců

[6] Army Equipment

[Tanks_in_Russia-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Malyshev S. (2002). Tanks in Russia. Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty BMP-1 (1964–2000) (in Russian). Russian Motor Books. ISBN 5-09-873406-4.

[Otvaga-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.

[Global_Security-9] John Pike. "BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 24 December 2014.

[Janes-10] Chris Foss. Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2686-X.

[11] "Soderzhaniye" (PDF). Military Parade. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.

[12] "BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

[Warfare.ru-13] Warfare.ru

[A_Brief_Guide_to_Russian_Armored_Fighting_Vehicles-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "A Brief Guide to Russian Armored Fighting Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2001-12-08.

[Z.26S6-15] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 6.

[hull239-16] Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 239

[Z.26S7-17] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 7.

[18] БМП-1Д

[Militarium.net_2-19] "BMP-1". Militarium.net 2 (in Polish).

[Z.26S14-20] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 14

[21] БМП-1 (in Russian). rustrana.ru. Retrieved 12 December 2009.

[Arms_Control-22] "BMP-1". Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies. Retrieved 13 December 2009.

[Z.26S18-23] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 18.

[24] Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 249

[25] Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 246

[Z.26S18-19-26] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 18–19.

[Pancerni.net-27] Pancerni.net (in Polish)

[Z.26S22-28] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 22

[29] Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 248

[Z.26S40-30] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 40

[31] ПТРК 9К11/9К14 «Малютка» (in Russian)

[Z.26S19-20-32] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, pp. 19–20.

[Z.26S17-33] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 17.

[russarms-34] Вооружение БМП-1

[Pancerni.net_2-35] Administrator. "BMP-1 [ZSRR]: Strona 2 – Pancerni.net". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

[BMP-1_in_Afghanistan-36] БРОНЕТАНКОВАЯ ТЕХНИКА В АФГАНИСТАНЕ (1979–1989)

[Czo.C5.82gi_.C5.9Awiata_.28World.27s_Tanks_or_Tanks_Of_The_World.29_magazine_issue_18-37] "Czołgi Świata" (World's Tanks or Tanks Of The World) magazine issue 18

[38] Уроки Чечни

[Z.26S21-39] Zaloga and Sarson 1994, p. 21.

[40] "-10". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

[41] "- - - -10". Retrieved 24 December 2014.

匿名

検索

案内

BMP-1