関: Angelicae Radix

WordNet

plant by the roots
(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number
cause to take roots
take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly"
(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem" (同)root word, base, stem, theme, radical
the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support (同)tooth_root
come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression"
any of various tall and stout herbs of the genus Angelica having pinnately compound leaves and small white or greenish flowers in compound umbels (同)angelique
aromatic stems or leaves or roots of Angelica Archangelica
candied stalks of the angelica plant
the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; "his roots in Texas go back a long way"; "he went back to Sweden to search for his roots"; "his music has African roots"
the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow

PrepTutorEJDIC

《しばしば複数形で》『根』 / 『根元』 / 《the~》『根源』,根本;根底 / 《複数形で》(その人の根底にある)ある場所との根源的なつながり / (数学で)根,ルート / (派生語の)語根(例えばrootlessの中のroot) / 〈植物〉‘を'『根づかせる』 / 《しばしば受動態で》(根をおろしたように)(…に)…‘を'『定着させる』『+『名』+『to』(『in』)+『名』》 / (…に)『根を下ろす』,定着する《+『in』(『on』,『to』)+『名』》
〈豚などが〉(…をあさって)鼻で地面を掘る《+『about』(『around』)『for』+『名』》 / (…を捜して)〈人が〉かき回す《+『about for』+『名』》
(…を)声援する,(…の)成功を願う《+『for』+『名』》
アンゼリカ(芳香ある植物;茎が食用で根は薬用) / 《『A-』》米国カリフォルニア産白ぶどう酒
《補語にのみ用いて》(植物が)根づいた / (考えなどが)定着した

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/09 21:03:54」(JST)

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Angelica archangelica, commonly known as garden angelica, Holy Ghost, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a biennial plant from the Apiaceae family, a subspecies of which is cultivated for its sweetly scented edible stems and roots. Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty. Synonyms include Archangelica officinalis Hoffm., and Archangelica officinalis var. himalaica C.B.Clarke.^{[citation needed]}

During its first year it grows only leaves, but, during its second year, its fluted stem can reach a height of two meters (or six feet), from that stem the root is known as ginger. Its leaves comprise numerous small leaflets divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish, are grouped into large, globular umbels which bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica grows only in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water.

Angelica archangelica grows wild in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sèvres. It also grows in certain regions in Germany like the Harz mountains, in certain regions of Romania, like the Rodna Mountains, in hilly and coastal regions of Poland and some South East Asian countries like Thailand.

Use and history

Angelica archangelica

Angelica (A. archangelica) essential oil in clear glass vial

From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant,^[2] and achieved popularity in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is still used today, especially in Sami culture. A flute-like instrument with a clarinet-like sound can be made of its hollow stem. Linnaeus reported that Sami peoples used it in reindeer milk,^{[citation needed]} as it is often used as a flavoring agent.

In 1602, angelica was introduced in Niort, which had just been ravaged by the plague.^{[dubious – discuss]} It is used to flavor liqueurs or aquavits, (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth, and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright-green stems are also candied and used as decoration.

Angelica is unique amongst the Umbelliferae for its pervading aromatic odor, a pleasant perfume entirely different from fennel, parsley, anise, caraway, or chervil. It has been compared to musk and to juniper. Even the roots are fragrant, and form one of the principal aromatics of European growth - the other parts of the plant have the same flavor, but their active principles are considered more perishable.

The fruits are tiny mericarps and are used in the production of absinthe and other alcoholic drinks.^[3] Seeds of a Persian spice plant known as Golpar (Heracleum persicum) are often labeled as "angelica seeds".

Angelica archangelica roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.^[4]

John Gerard's Herball praises the plant and states that "it cureth the bitings of mad dogs and all other venomous beasts."^[5]

Chemistry

A. archangelica contains a variety of chemicals.

The essential oil of the roots of A. archangelica contains β-terebangelene, C₁₀H₁₆, and other terpenes; the oil of the seeds also contains β-terebangelene, together with methylethylacetic acid^{[clarification needed]} and hydroxymyristic acid.^{[citation needed]}

Several coumarins, including 2′-angeloyl-3′-isovaleryl vaginate, archangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicin angelate, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, 8-[2-(3-methylbutroxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy]psoralen, osthol, ostruthol, oxypeucedanin, phellopterin, psoralen and xanthotoxin, can be isolated from a chloroform extract of the roots of A. archangelica^[6] as well as several heraclenol derivatives.^[7] The water root extract of A. archangelica subsp. litoralis contains adenosine, coniferin, the two dihydrofurocoumarin glycosides apterin and 1′-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-(S)-marmesin (marmesinin), 1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R)-3-hydroxymarmesin and 2′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxymarmesin.^[8]

Etymology

Archangelica comes from the Greek word "arkhangelos" (=arch-angel), due to the myth that it was the archangel Michael who told of its use as medicine.

In Finnish it is called väinönputki, in Kalaallisut kuanneq, in Northern Sami fádnu, boska and rássi, in English garden angelica, in German Arznei-Engelwurz or Echte Engelwurz, in Dutch grote engelwortel, in Persian Sonbol-e Khatāyi سنبل خطایی, in Swedish kvanne, in Norwegian kvann, in Danish kvan, in Icelandic hvönn, in Polish arcydziegiel, angelika, dzięgiel lekarski, dzięgiel wielki, anielskie ziele, archangielski korzeń, anielski korzeń, and in Faroese it has the name hvonn.

References

^ "Angelica archangelica information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
^ http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/anegl037.html | Ed Greenwood 1995, Electronic version of A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-Lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs & Trees with their Modern Scientific Uses, by Mrs. M. Grieve, first published 1931.
^ Gualtiero Simonetti (1990). Stanley Schuler, ed. Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.
^ Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH,Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B (2013 Jun13). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". J Ethnopharmacol 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1. p. 39.
^ Strategy for the isolation and identification of coumarins with calcium antagonistic properties from the roots of Angelica archangelica. P. Härmälä, H. Vuorela, R. Hiltunen, Sz. Nyiredy, O. Sticher, K. Törnquist and S. Kaltia, Phytochemical Analysis, January 1992, Volume 3, Issue 1, pages 42–48, doi:10.1002/pca.2800030108
^ Further heraclenol derivatives from Angelica archangelica. Sun H and Jakupovic J, Pharmazie, 1986, volume 41, number 12, pages 888-889, INIST:7473899
^ Dihydrofurocoumarin glucosides from Angelica archangelica and Angelica silvestris. John Lemmich, Svend Havelund and Ole Thastrup, Phytochemistry, 1983, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 553–555, doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)83044-1

External links

eFloras: Angelica archangelica
Angelica archangelica List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
Botanical.com Herbalist

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Imperatorin sensitizes anoikis and inhibits anchorage-independent growth of lung cancer cells.

Choochuay K, Chunhacha P, Pongrakhananon V, Luechapudiporn R, Chanvorachote P.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Journal of natural medicines.J Nat Med.2013 Jul;67(3):599-606. doi: 10.1007/s11418-012-0719-y. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
The anoikis-sensitization activity of imperatorin, an active furanocoumarin component of Angelica dahurica root, is reported herein for the first time. The present study demonstrated that the imperatorin treatment at sub-toxic concentrations enhanced human lung cancer H23 cell apoptosis after detach
PMID 23108812

Comparative biological study of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Angelica shikokiana Makino.

Mira A, Tanaka A, Tateyama Y, Kondo R, Shimizu K.SourceDivision of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of agro-environmental sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 812-8581, Japan; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Jun 12. pii: S0378-8741(13)00411-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.008. [Epub ahead of print]
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Angelica shikokiana has been used as a health food for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiallergic, and blood vessel dilating effects in Japan. It can also be used to prevent and treat hepatitis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis.AIM OF
PMID 23769982

Effects of natural phytochemicals in Angelica sinensis (Danggui) on Nrf2-mediated gene expression of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and anti-inflammation.

Saw CL, Wu Q, Su ZY, Wang H, Yang Y, Xu X, Huang Y, Khor TO, Kong AN.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition.Biopharm Drug Dispos.2013 May 2. doi: 10.1002/bdd.1846. [Epub ahead of print]
The root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (abbreviated as AS) (Danggui) has a long history in Asian herbal medicine. Recently, it was demonstrated that AS possesses anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activities. Because the transcription factor Nrf2 mediates the expression of many cellular anti-oxidativ
PMID 23640758

Japanese Journal

Development of SCAR Markers for the Discrimination of Three Species of Medicinal Plants, Angelica decursiva (Peucedanum decursivum), Peucedanum praeruptorum and Anthricus sylvestris, Based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequence and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)(Molecular and Cell Biology)

CHOO Byung Kil,MOON Byeong Cheol,JI Yunui,KIM Bo Bae,CHOI Goya,YOON Taesook,KIM Ho Kyoung
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 32(1), 24-30, 2009-01-01
… Angelicae Decursivae Radix ('Jeonho' in Korean) is prescribed as the root of Angelica decursiva (=Peucedanum decursivum) and Peucedanum praeruptorum in Korean pharmacopoeia. …
NAID 110007021736

大和当帰の栽培生産の歴史と現状

福田浩三,村田和也,松田秀秋
薬史学雑誌 44(1), 10-17, 2009
NAID 40016768512

Identification of DNA polymorphisms in Angelica acutiloba

MURATA Jun,OKI Hiroyuki,KAKUTANI Koji,HASHIMOTO Takashi
Plant biotechnology 25(2), 157-163, 2008-03-01
… Angelica acutiloba and related species have been known for their analgesic and sedative effects, and are widely used as the key ingredient in Japanese traditional Kampo medicine. … Among various varieties, Angelica acutiloba var. … Recent cultivation of this and other varieties of Angelica in various regions of East Asia prompted us to identify DNA polymorphisms that distinguish the acutiloba variety from others. …
NAID 10021913000

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「当帰」「Angelicae Radix」
関連記事	「root」「Angelica」

「当帰」

Garden angelica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Angelica
Species:	A. archangelica
Binomial name
	Angelica archangelica; L.