同: apparent life-threatening event

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/24 04:07:21」(JST)

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The Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) is an association of language exam providers in Europe.

The ALTE (Association of Language Testers in Europe) "Can Do" project developed a simplified set of 400+ descriptors for language examinations which relate to the Common Reference Levels. These descriptors are in the form of "can-do statements", each saying more simply what a learner can do at every level. There are four sections: general, social/ tourist, work and study. The ALTE project also gave its own names to the CEFR levels: "Breakthrough level" - "Level 5".

The ALTE was founded by the University of Cambridge in conjunction with the University of Salamanca so the first exams to be related to their "Can-Do" statements were the Cambridge EFL exams. However, today many more examining boards link their exams to the system. Below is a table of some examinations as an example.

ALTE now establishes a six-level framework of language examination standards.

The following table compares the ALTE levels with the CEFR levels and EFL exams:

ALTE level	CEFR level	ESOL exam	IELTS exam	TOEIC^[1]	TOEFL^[2]
Level 5	C2	CPE	7.5+	—	—
Level 4	C1	CAE	6.5–7	945+	110+
Level 3	B2	FCE	5–6	785+	87+
Level 2	B1	PET	3.5–4.5	550+	57+
Level 1	A2	KET	3	225+	—
Breakthrough	A1	—	1–2	120+	—

Levels

The Common European Framework divides learners into three broad divisions which can be divided into six levels:

A Basic User

A1 Breakthrough

A2 Waystage

B Independent User

B1 Threshold

B2 Vantage

C Proficient User

C1 Effective Operational Proficiency

C2 Mastery

The CEFR describes what a learner is supposed to be able to do in reading, listening, speaking and writing at each level, in details:

level	description
A1	Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
A2	Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
B1	Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes & ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
B2	Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
C1	Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
C2	Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more complex situations.

Conferences

ALTE aims to improve language assessment through sharing best practice and providing thought leadership through international conferences.

International conference themes have included supporting the European Year of Languages (2001), the impact of multilingualism (2005), the wider social and educational impact of assessment (2008) and the role of language frameworks (2011). Selected conference papers are published through the Studies in Language Testing (SiLT) volumes.

References

^ Mapping the TOEIC and TOEIC Bridge Test on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
^ Mapping TOELF iBT on the Common European Framework of Reference

External links

The ALTE home page

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳幼児突然性危急事態 apparent life threatening event in infants
2. 幼児における在宅医療用心肺モニターの使用 use of home cardiorespiratory monitors in infants
3. 幼児における胃食道逆流 gastroesophageal reflux in infants
4. 乳幼児突然死症候群：危険因子およびリスク低減戦略 sudden infant death syndrome risk factors and risk reduction strategies
5. 先天性代謝異常：疫学、病因、および臨床的特徴 inborn errors of metabolism epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical features

English Journal

Mechanisms of folate losses during processing: Diffusion vs. heat degradation.

Delchier N1, Ringling C2, Maingonnat JF3, Rychlik M4, Renard CM3.Author information 1INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France. Electronic address: nicolas.delchier@gmail.com.2Bioanalytik Weihenstephan, Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany.3INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France.4Bioanalytik Weihenstephan, Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany.AbstractThough folates are sensitive to heat treatments, leaching appears to be a major mechanism involved in folate losses in vegetables during processing. The aim of our study was to study folate diffusivity and degradation from spinach and green beans, in order to determine the proportion of each mechanism involved in folate losses. Folate diffusivity constant, calculated according to Fick's second law (Crank, 1975), was 7.4×10(-12)m(2)/s for spinach and 5.8×10(-10)m(2)/s for green beans, which is the same order of magnitude as for sugars and acids for each vegetable considered. Folate thermal degradation kinetics was not monotonous in spinach and green beans especially at 45°C and did not follow a first order reaction. The proportion of vitamers changed markedly after thermal treatment, with a better retention of formyl derivatives. For spinach, folate losses were mainly due to diffusion while for green beans thermal degradation seemed to be preponderant.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157:439-47. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.054. Epub 2014 Feb 22.
Though folates are sensitive to heat treatments, leaching appears to be a major mechanism involved in folate losses in vegetables during processing. The aim of our study was to study folate diffusivity and degradation from spinach and green beans, in order to determine the proportion of each mechani
PMID 24679802

Solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography. Analysis of organosulphur compounds avoiding artifacts formation.

Locatelli DA1, Altamirano JC2, Luco JM3, Norlin R4, Camargo AB5.Author information 1Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM) - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.2Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.3Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, Argentina.4Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.5Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM) - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Electronic address: acamargo@fca.uncu.edu.ar.AbstractThis work proposes the novel application of a microextraction technique, solid phase microextraction (SPME), coupled to liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the analysis of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in garlic samples. Additionally, a comparative study of OSCs profiles obtained by SPME coupled to HPLC-UV and gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD), respectively; was carried out. This study provided complementary evidence about OSCs's lability and "artifacts" formation during the analytical process. Raw, cooked and distilled garlic samples were considered. The target analytes were diallyl disulphide (DADS), diallyl sulphide (DAS), diallyl trisulphide (DATS), allicin, 3-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin (3-VD), 2-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin (2-VD) and (E)- and (Z)-ajoene, which are the most important OSCs with biological activities present in raw and processed garlic. The coupling of SPME and HPLC showed to be reliable, fast, sensible and selective methodology for OSCs analysis.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157:199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.010. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
This work proposes the novel application of a microextraction technique, solid phase microextraction (SPME), coupled to liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the analysis of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in garlic samples. Additionally, a comparative study of OSCs profiles obtained b
PMID 24679771

A grape and wine chemodiversity comparison of different appellations in Burgundy: vintage vs terroir effects.

Roullier-Gall C1, Boutegrabet L1, Gougeon RD2, Schmitt-Kopplin P3.Author information 1Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Jules Guyot, UMR A 02.102 PAM, Université de Bourgogne, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France; Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.2Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Jules Guyot, UMR A 02.102 PAM, Université de Bourgogne, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France. Electronic address: regis.gougeon@u-bourgogne.fr.3Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität Muenchen, Analytical Food Chemistry, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany. Electronic address: schmitt-kopplin@helmholtz-muenchen.de.AbstractThis study aimed at assessing the ability of high resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to differentiate grapes and corresponding wines from distinct vineyards managed by a same producer, according to complex chemical fingerprints. Grape extracts (at harvest) and corresponding wines from four different vineyards, sampled immediately after the alcoholic fermentation over three successive vintages, were analysed by FTICR-MS. Thousands of metabolites that are specific to a given vintage, or a given class (wine, skin or must) could be revealed, thus emphasising a strong vintage effect. The same wines were reanalyzed after a few years in bottle. Within the frame of this study, FTICR-MS along with multivariate statistical analyses could reveal significant terroir-discriminant families of metabolites from geographically close - though distinct - vineyards, but only after a few years of bottle ageing. It is supposed that the chemical composition of a wine holds memories of various environmental factors that have impacted its metabolic baggage at the moment of its elaboration. For the first time, such preliminary results indicate that non-targeted experiments can reveal such memories through terroir-related metabolic signatures of wines on a regional-scale that can potentially be as small as the countless "climats" of Burgundy.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:100-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.056. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
This study aimed at assessing the ability of high resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to differentiate grapes and corresponding wines from distinct vineyards managed by a same producer, according to complex chemical fingerprints. Grape extracts (at har
PMID 24444912

Japanese Journal

Die Familie und der Sozialstaat im Wandel : Aus der Debatte der CDU in der zweiten Hälfte der 70er Jahre

Shirakawa Koichi
社会科学 95, 99-117, 2012-05
論説(Article)70年代、西ドイツの諸政党は家族政策を新たに構想する必要に迫られた。キリスト教民主同盟(CDU)は既婚女性が職業労働よりも家庭における育児を優先することを自発的に選択するよう、母親の社会的・経済的地位の改善を訴えた。既婚女性を家庭に押し留めるという保守的な目標を追求しようとすれば、CDUは伝統的な社会保障システムの改革も提案しなければならなかった。そうした議論からは、CDUの …
NAID 110009391529

1930年頃の「イメージ学」の原風景 : ベンヤミンのクラーゲス読解(<特集>身体文化)

宇和川雄
ドイツ文学 : Neue Beitrage zur Germanistik (144), 132-145, 2012-03-25
… die alte symbolische Kraft der Bilder berucksichtigen, wie sie z.B. …
NAID 110009457041

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