WordNet
- aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil (同)B
- a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk)
PrepTutorEJDIC
- バチルス桿菌(かんきん) / (一般に)細菌
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/01/22 13:16:33」(JST)
wiki ja
| バシラス属 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Bacillus cereus
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| 学名 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bacillus Bacillus Cohn 1872 |
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| 種 | ||||||||||||||||||
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B. acidiceler
B. amylolyticus
B. glucanolyticus
B. taeanensis |
バシラス属[注釈 1]（ - ぞく、羅: Bacillus、バチルス属[注釈 2]、バキッルス、バキルルス）は、フィルミクテス門バシラス綱バシラス目バシラス科に分類される真正細菌の属である。
目次
- 1 概要
- 2 遺伝的特徴
- 3 歴史
- 4 注釈
- 5 脚注
- 6 関連項目
概要
芽胞を形成する。偏性好気性（一部通性嫌気性）のグラム陽性桿菌である。カタラーゼに陽性。一部の菌種は窒素固定能を有する。この属にはグラム陽性桿菌のモデル生物として重要である枯草菌(B. subtilis)が含まれるほか、病原菌の炭疽菌(B. anthracis)やセレウス菌(B. cereus)、BT剤の殺虫成分生産菌である卒倒病菌(B. thuringiensis)などの種も含まれる。
水中や土壌に普遍的に存在する、非常に多くの種を含む属である。高pHや低温、高塩濃度、高圧といった様々な極限環境にも適応している種も多い。前述の枯草菌の亜種に納豆菌がある。種々の酵素（食品用、洗剤用、ほか多種多様な産業用酵素）の生産に用いられる等、枯草菌を筆頭として極めて有用性の高い種を含む。 近年ではこの大きなバシラス属の一部が再分類され、パエニバシラス属(Paenibacillus（英語版）属)、ゲオバシラス属(Geobacillus（英語版）属)オセアノバシラス属(Oceanobacillus（英語版）属)などのいくつかの属がバシラス科の独立した属として提案されている。
バシラス属には現在のところ299種と7亜種が登録されている[1]。この属の基準種(Type species)はBacillus subtilis（枯草菌）である。
遺伝的特徴
2007年現在、25のゲノムシークエンシングプロジェクトが進行中か、完了している[2]。このプロジェクトには以下が含まれる：Bacillus anthracis str. 'Ames Ancestor'、Bacillus anthracis str. A1055、Bacillus anthracis str. A2012、Bacillus anthracis str. Ames、Bacillus anthracis str. Australia 94、Bacillus anthracis str. CNEVA-9066、Bacillus anthracis str. Kruger B、Bacillus anthracis str. Sterne、Bacillus anthracis str. Vollum、Bacillus anthracis str. Western North America USA6153、Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987、Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579、Bacillus cereus G9241、Bacillus cereus NVH391-98、Bacillus cereus E33L、Bacillus clausii KSM-K16、Bacillus halodurans C-125、Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580、Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032、Bacillus sp. NRRL B-14911、Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168、Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27。
枯草菌（B. subtilis）のゲノムのシークエンシングは1997年に完了し、生きた単一の真性細菌の配列として初めて公開された。このゲノムは4.2メガ塩基対であり、タンパク質をコードする領域が4100個ある。コードするペプチドの中には、抗真菌活性を持つものも含み、それゆえにB. subtilisは生物的防除に用いられている。
炭疽菌(B. anthracis)のゲノムは5227293塩基対であり、タンパク質をコードする(予測含む)領域を5508個含む。B. anthracisのゲノムにおいて、セレウス菌及びバチルス·チューリンゲンシス――両種とも配列決定が完了している――の両ゲノムとの相同性が高い。B. anthracisが持つタンパク質で、B. cereusが持たないタンパク質は141個しかない。B. anthracisにおける、炭疽病に関連する病原因子のほとんど全ては2つのプラスミドにコードされており、B. cereusとのホモログである。このことから、炭疽病の原因遺伝子はB. anthracisに特異的ではなく、むしろB. cereusグループ(B. anthracis、B. cereus、B. thuringiensis)に共通であることが示唆される。炭疽菌はまた、枯草菌で見られる炭水化物代謝活性を持っているようだが、キチンとキトサンの細胞外切断酵素をコードする遺伝子を持つ；この遺伝子は昆虫病原体B. thuringiensisと非常に高い相同性をもつことが確認されている。
歴史
- 1872年 - フェルディナント・コーンによってBacillus属が定義される。
注釈
- ^ 日本の細菌学界での慣例表記
- ^ 日本の農学界での慣例表記
脚注
- ^ List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
- ^ Peter Graumann University of Freiburg, ed (May 2007). Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Germany: Caister Academic Press. pp. 454. http://www.horizonpress.com/bac.
関連項目
- 炭疽症
- マコモ
| この項目は、真正細菌（バクテリア）に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／ウィキプロジェクト 生物）。 |
wiki en
This article is about the bacterial genus. For the bacterial class, see Bacilli. For rod-shaped bacteria in general, see Bacillus (shape). For the insect genus, see Bacillus (insect).
| Bacillus | |
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| Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Firmicutes |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | Bacillus Cohn, 1872[1] |
| Species | |
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B. acidiceler
B. aminovorans[2]
B. taeanensis |
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Gram stain of a Bacillus species
Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes (having the ability to be aerobic or anaerobic). They will test positive for the enzyme catalase when there has been oxygen used or present.[3] Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living (nonparasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to which the bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state for very long periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera of the Firmicutes.[4]
Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes which are used in different industries. Some species can form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain adverse environmental conditions, as in a lack of elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or oxygen combined with an excessive supply of carbon sources.
B. subtilis has proved a valuable model for research. Other species of Bacillus are important pathogens, causing anthrax and food poisoning.
Contents
- 1 Industrial significance
- 2 Use as model organism
- 3 Ecological significance
- 4 Clinical significance
- 5 Cell wall
- 6 Phylogeny
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Industrial significance
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.
A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to some insect pests.
Use as model organism
Colonies of the model species Bacillus subtilis on an agar plate.
Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of molecular and cellular biology. Its superb genetic amenability and relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements in fluorescent microscopy techniques have provided novel insight into the dynamic structure of a single cell organism. Research on B. subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation, and cell cycle events in bacteria.[5]
Ecological significance
Bacillus species are almost ubiquitous in nature, e.g. in soil, but also occur in extreme environments such as high pH (B. alcalophilus), high temperature (B. thermophilus), or high salt (B. halodurans). B. thuringiensis produces a toxin that can kill insects and thus has been used as insecticide.[6] B. siamensis has antimicrobial compounds that inhibit plant pathogens, such as the fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea, and they promote plant growth by volatile emissions.[7] Some species of Bacillus are naturally competent for DNA uptake by transformation.[8]
Clinical significance
Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.[9] A third species, B. thuringiensis, is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to control insect pests. The type species is B. subtilis, an important model organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and related food. Some environmental and commercial strains of B. coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato-based products.
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells usually contain oval endospores at one end, making it bulge.
Cell wall
The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the second barrier between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time maintains the rod shape and withstands the pressure generated by the cell's turgor. The cell wall is composed of teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important
Phylogeny
The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.[1] Like other genera associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.[10] The genus has a very large ribosomal 16S diversity and is environmentally diverse.
Several studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus. The Bacillus-specific study with the most diversity covered is by Xu and Cote using 16S and the ITS regions, where they divide the genus into 10 groups, which includes the nested genera Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and Virgibacillus.[11] However, the tree[12] constructed by the living tree project, a collaboration between ARB-Silva and LPSN where a 16S (and 23S if available) tree of all validated species was constructed,[13][14] the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to the Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others. A gene concatenation study found similar results to Xu and Cote, but with a much more limited number of species in terms of groups,[15] but used Listeria as an outgroup, so in light of the ARB tree, it may be "inside-out".
One clade, formed by B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis under current classification standards, should be a single species (within 97% 16S identity), but due to medical reasons, they are considered separate species,[16]:34–35 an issue also present for four species of Shigella and Escherichia coli.[17]
| Bacillus phylogenetics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to [15] |
See also
- Paenibacillus and Virgibacillus, genera of bacteria formerly included in Bacillus.[18][19]
References
- ^ a b (in German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1, 127-224.
- ^ Loshon, Charles A.; Beary, Katherine E.; Gouveia, Kristine; Grey, Elizabeth Z.; Santiago-Lara, Leticia M.; Setlow, Peter (March 1998). "Nucleotide sequence of the sspE genes coding for γ-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins from the round-spore-forming bacteria Bacillus aminovorans, Sporosarcina halophila and S. ureae". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1396 (2): 148–152. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(97)00204-2.
- ^ Turnbull PCB (1996). Baron S; et al., eds. Bacillus. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
- ^ Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
- ^ Graumann P, ed. (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology (2nd ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-97-4. [1].
- ^ Joan L. Slonczewski & John W. Foster (2011), Microbiology: An Evolving Science (2nd Edition), Norton
- ^ Jeong, Haeyoung; Jeong, Da-Eun; Kim, Sun Hong; Song, Geun Cheol; Park, Soo-Young; Ryu, Choong-Min; Park, Seung-Hwan; Choi, Soo-Keun (2012-08-01). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613T". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (15): 4148–4149. doi:10.1128/JB.00805-12. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 22815459.
- ^ Keen, E; Bliskovsky, V; Adhya, S; Dantas, G (2017). "Draft genome sequence of the naturally competent Bacillus simplex strain WY10". Genome Announcements. 5: e01295–17. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01295-17. PMID 29146837.
- ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ Bacillus entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]
- ^ Xu, D.; Cote, J. -C. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.02346-0. PMID 12807189.
- ^ http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_104/LTPs104_SSU_tree.pdf
- ^ Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2008). "The All-Species Living Tree project: A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains" (PDF). Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 31 (4): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001. PMID 18692976.
- ^ Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2010). "Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 33 (6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001. PMID 20817437.
- ^ a b Alcaraz, L.; Moreno-Hagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Souza, V.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010). "Understanding the evolutionary relationships and major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics". BMC Genomics. 11: 332. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-332. PMC 2890564 . PMID 20504335. 1471216411332.
- ^ Ole Andreas Økstad and Anne-Brit Kolstø Chapter 2: "Genomics of Bacillus Species" in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2
- ^ Brenner (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958, 73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408-420
- ^ Ash, Carol; Priest, Fergus G.; Collins, M. David (1994). "Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64 (3–4): 253–260. doi:10.1007/BF00873085.
- ^ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1 January 1998). "Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 (1): 99–106. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-1-99.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bacillus. |
- Bacillus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
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Related Links
- バチルス ばちるす bacillus 一般用語としては細菌、またはそのうちの円柱形をした桿(かん)菌をさすが、分類学的にはさらに範囲が狭く、真正細菌目バチルス科バチルス属の細菌をいう。 バチルス属の細菌は好気性または任意嫌気性で、グラム染色反応陽性の桿菌である。
- バシラス属は、食中毒の起因菌であるセレウス菌（Bacillus cereus）や炭疸の原因菌である炭疸菌（B.anthracis）など34菌種を含みます。バシラス属菌はクロストリジウム属菌（ウェルシュ菌、ボツリヌス菌を含む属）と同じく芽胞を作る菌ですが、酸素のある条件下では増殖できないウェルシュ菌 ...
- Bacillus anthracis バチルス・アンシラシス. グラム陽性の大型桿菌で牛，羊，馬に炭疽をおこす．. ヒトではこれらの動物を扱う人などで皮膚や粘膜の傷口から感染することがある (皮膚膿疱等)．. まれに吸入により感染する (肺炭疽)．. ：MIC90の値であることを ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「桿菌」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「Streptobacillus属」「Streptobacillus」「Actinobacillus infection」「Calmette-Guerin bacillus」 |
「桿菌」
「Streptobacillus属」
「Streptobacillus」
ストレプトバチルス、トレプトバチルス属、ストレプトバシラス属、Streptobacillus属