WordNet
- travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
- the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
- proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
- create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
- carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
- get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
- amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain (同)dihydroxyphenylalanine
- any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
- ド(全音階の第1音)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/26 21:05:49」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase |
|
Ribbon diagram of a DOPA decarboxylase dimer.[1]
|
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
4.1.1.28 |
| CAS number |
9042-64-2 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
| DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
DDC |
| Entrez |
1644 |
| HUGO |
2719 |
| OMIM |
107930 |
| RefSeq |
NM_000790 |
| UniProt |
P20711 |
| Other data |
| EC number |
4.1.1.28 |
| Locus |
Chr. 7 p11 |
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD,[2] AADC) is a lyase enzyme.
Contents
- 1 Reactions
- 2 As a rate-limiting step
- 3 Genetics
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Reactions
It catalyzes several different decarboxylation reactions:[3]
- L-DOPA to dopamine - a neurotransmitter
- 5-HTP to serotonin (5-HT) - a neurotransmitter
- L-histidine to histamine - a neurotransmitter
- phenylalanine to phenethylamine - trace amine neurotransmitter
- L-tyrosine to tyramine - trace amine neurotransmitter
- tryptophan to tryptamine - trace amine neurotransmitter
The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, as a cofactor.
Human biosynthesis pathway for trace amines and catecholamines[6]
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Epinephrine
Phenethylamine
p-Tyramine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
N-Methylphenethylamine
N-Methyltyramine
p-Octopamine
Synephrine
3-Methoxytyramine
AADC
AADC
AADC
PNMT
PNMT
PNMT
PNMT
AAAH
AAAH
COMT
DBH
DBH
In humans, catecholamines and phenethylaminergic trace amines are derived from the amino acid phenylalanine.
Human serotonin biosynthesis pathway
As a rate-limiting step
In normal dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AAAD is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction. However, AAAD becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with L-DOPA (such as in Parkinson's Disease), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with 5-HTP (such as in mild depression or dysthymia). AAAD is inhibited by Carbidopa outside of the blood brain barrier to inhibit the premature conversion of L-DOPA to Dopamine in the treatment of Parkinson's.
In humans, AAAD is also the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of trace amine neurotransmitters.
Genetics
The gene encoding the enzyme is referred to as DDC and located on chromosome 7 in humans.[7] Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at –601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in exon 1 in relation to bipolar disorder[8] and autism. No direct correlation between gene variation and autism was found.[9]
See also
- Aromatic amino acids
- Histidine decarboxylase
References
- ^ PDB 1JS3; Burkhard P, Dominici P, Borri-Voltattorni C, Jansonius JN, Malashkevich VN (November 2001). "Structural insight into Parkinson's disease treatment from drug-inhibited DOPA decarboxylase". Nat. Struct. Biol. 8 (11): 963–7. doi:10.1038/nsb1101-963. PMID 11685243.
- ^ Logan, Carolynn M.; Rice, M. Katherine (1987). Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-397-54589-4.
- ^ "AADC". Human Metabolome database. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines". Pharmacol. Ther. 125 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005. PMID 19948186.
- ^ Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (5): 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
- ^ [4][5]
- ^ Lisa J. Scherer, John D. McPherson, John J. Wasmuth and J. Lawrence Marsh (June 1992). "Human dopa decarboxylase: Localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs". Genomics 13 (2): 469–471. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W. PMID 1612608.
- ^ A. D. Borglum, T. G. Bruun, T. E. Kjeldsen, H. Ewald, O. Mors, G. Kirov, C. Russ, B. Freeman, D. A. Collier & T. A. Kruse (November 1999). "Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder". Molecular Psychiatry 4 (6): 545–541. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000559. PMID 10578236.
- ^ Marlene B. Lauritsen, Anders D. Borglum, Catalina Betancur, Anne Philippe, Torben A. Kruse, Marion Leboyer & Henrik Ewald (May 2002). "Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism". American Journal of Medical Genetics 114 (4): 466–460. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10379. PMID 11992572.
External links
- Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
|
Carbon-carbon lyases (EC 4.1)
|
|
| 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases |
- Pyruvate decarboxylase
- Oxaloacetate decarboxylase
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase
- Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
- Glutamate decarboxylase
- Ornithine decarboxylase
- Lysine decarboxylase
- Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
- Histidine decarboxylase
- Uridine monophosphate synthetase/Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
- Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
- RuBisCO
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
|
|
| 4.1.2: Aldehyde-lyases |
- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
- Aldolase A
- Aldolase B
- Aldolase C
- 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase
- Threonine aldolase
|
|
| 4.1.3: Oxo-acid-lyases |
- Isocitrate lyase
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
|
|
| 4.1.99: Other |
|
|
- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
|
|
|
|
- Metabolism: amino acid metabolism
- neurotransmitter enzymes
|
|
| monoamine |
| histidine → histamine |
| anabolism: |
|
|
| catabolism: |
- Histamine N-methyltransferase
- Amine oxidase
|
|
|
| tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrine |
| anabolism: |
- Tyrosine hydroxylase
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
- Dopamine beta hydroxylase
- Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
|
|
| catabolism: |
- Catechol-O-methyl transferase
- Monoamine oxidase
|
|
|
| glutamate→GABA |
| anabolism: |
|
|
| catabolism: |
- 4-aminobutyrate transaminase
|
|
|
| tryptophan→serotonin→melatonin |
- Tryptophan hydroxylase
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
- Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
|
|
|
| arginine→NO |
- Nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2, NOS3)
|
|
| choline→Acetylcholine |
| anabolism: |
- Choline acetyltransferase
|
|
| catabolism: |
- Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase)
|
|
|
Index of inborn errors of metabolism
|
|
| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- glycolysis
- glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
- fructose and galactose
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- lipid
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- lipoprotein
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- heme and porphyrin
- nucleotide
|
|
| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Carbohydrate
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Lipid
- Lipid storage
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Phenol oxidase is a necessary enzyme for the silkworm molting which is regulated by molting hormone.
- Wang MX, Lu Y, Cai ZZ, Liang S, Niu YS, Miao YG.SourceKey Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Molecular biology reports.Mol Biol Rep.2012 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
- Insect molting is an important developmental process of metamorphosis, which is initiated by molting hormone. The molting process includes the activation of dermal cells, epidermal cells separation, molting fluid secretion, the formation of new epidermis and old epidermis excoriation etc. Polyphenol
- PMID 23275200
- The DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) gene is associated with alerting attention.
- Zhu B, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Dong Q, Chen C, He Q, Li J, Li J, Lei X, Lin C.SourceState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, China.
- Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2012 Dec 28. pii: S0278-5846(12)00340-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.020. [Epub ahead of print]
- DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) is involved in the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. It has been suggested that genes involved in the dopamine, norepinephrine, and cholinergic systems play an essential role in the efficiency of human attention networks. Attention refers to the cognitive
- PMID 23276884
Japanese Journal
- Sexually Dimorphic Body Color Is Regulated by Sex-Specific Expression of Yellow Gene in Ponerine Ant, Diacamma Sp.
- Miyazaki Satoshi,Okada Yasukazu,Miyakawa Hitoshi,Tokuda Gaku,Cornette Richard,Koshikawa Shigeyuki,Maekawa Kiyoto,Miura Toru
- PLOS ONE 9(3), e92875, 2014-03-25
- … Therefore, five orthologs of the genes involved in the insect melanin synthesis (yellow, ebony, tan, pale and dopa decarboxylase) were subcloned and their spatiotemporal expression patterns were examined using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. …
- NAID 120005429614
- パーキンソン病に対する遺伝子治療(<特集>最新のニューロモデュレーション)
- 藤本 健一
- 脳神経外科ジャーナル 20(2), 87-92, 2011-02-20
- … GCH)の酵素遺伝子を被殻に導入してドパミンを合成させる方法である.3つの遺伝子を導入すれば自動的にドパミンが合成される.一方, AADC遺伝子だけの導入ではL-dopaを経口投与する必要がある.ドパミン過剰による副作用の予防には, L-dopaの服薬量でドパミン産生を調整できる後者のほうが安全である.このためAAV2-AADCの被殻への導入が行われ, PD症状の改善とPET検査でのドパミン産生が確認された.3つ …
- NAID 110008441005
- 卵胞成熟過程におけるセロトニンの卵胞内包量の変化とセロトニン合成酵素分子の遺伝子発現変化
- 福元 隆浩,庄司 憲明,小野寺 大 [他],櫻井 威織,平尾 幸久,田中 哲二,畑村 育次
- Journal of mammalian ova research = 日本哺乳動物卵子学会誌 27(4), 216-219, 2010-10-01
- セ口トニン（5-HT）は神経伝達物質として知られ、精神疾患の作用因子として理解されている。卵胞形成過程に於ける5-HTは、脳下垂体を介した性腺刺激ホルモンの調節下で作用すると考えられていた。最近の知見より、セロトニン受容体を介したシクナル伝達がプロゲステロンの卵胞内分泌を調整することが示唆され、かつ卵胞における5-HTはHPLCにより幾種もの動物で検出されている。卵胞組織において5-HTが分泌され …
- NAID 10027595507
Related Links
- The Active Site The active site of DOPA decarboxylase is located in a cleft at the between the two subunits of the dimer, like all PLP-dependent enzymes of the aspartate aminotransferase family. Since it is at the interface, residues ...
- The encoded protein catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine. Defects in this gene are the cause of aromatic ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- catecholamine catecholamines CA
- 同
- カテコラミン
- 関
- 副腎髄質ホルモン
Wikipedia
生合成
チロシン tyrosine
(フェニル基の3位にOHを導入) ：律速酵素
-チロシン 3-モノオキシゲナーゼ tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, チロシン水酸化酵素 tyrosine hydroxylase
←{H4・biopterin}
→{H2・biopterin}
L-ドーパ L-dopa
(アミノ酸から脱炭酸)
-芳香族アミノ酸デカルボキシラーゼ dopa decarboxylase + {ピリドキサル5-リン酸(VB6)}
→CO2
ドパミン dopamine
(β位の炭素にOHを導入)
-ドーパミン β-モノオキシゲナーゼ dopamine β-monoxygenase, dopamine β-odidase
←O2 + ビタミンC(アスコルビン酸)
→H2O + デヒドロアスコルビン酸
ノルアドレナリン norepinephrine
(アミノ基にメチル基を転移)
-フェニルエタノールアミン N-メチルトランスフェラーゼ phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase
←S-アデノシルメチオニン S-adenosylmethionine
→S-アデノシルホモシステイン S-adenosylhemocysteine
アドレナリン epinephrine
分解
分解産物
薬理作用
昇圧作用
臨床検査
基準値
カテコールアミン３分画(血漿)(BML)
- アドレナリン：≦0.10 ng/mL
- ノルアドレナリン：0.10～0.50 ng/mL
- ドパミン：≦0.03 ng/mL
[★]
- 英
- vitamin B6
- 同
- 塩酸ピリドキシン pyridoxine hydrochloride、ピリドキシン pyridoxine
- 商
- アリチア配合
- 関
- ビタミン
- ピリドキサールリン酸, pyridoxal phosphate
概念
機能
- セロトニンの生合成 ← 5-hydroxytraptophanの脱炭酸
主要な反応・機能
- FB.289 HBC.498
- 転移反応、脱炭酸反応、離脱反応、ラセミ化 に関与。補酵素として活性を持つのは「ピリドキサル5'-リン酸 PLP」
- ヒスチジン－－－(ヒスチジンデカルボキシラーゼ + PLP)－－→ヒスタミン +
- グルタミン酸－－－()－－→GABA
- 5-ヒドロキシトリプトファン－－－(芳香族アミノ酸デカルボキシラーゼ + PLP)－－→セロトニン + CO2
- ドーパ－－－(dopa decarboxylase + PLP)－－→ドパミン + CO2
- (グリコーゲン)n + Pi －－－(グリコーゲンホスホリラーゼ + PLP)－－→ (グリコーゲン)n-1 + グルコース1-リン酸(G1P)
- スクシニルCoA + グリシン －－－(5-アミノレブリン酸シンターゼ + PLP)－－→ 5-アミノレブリン酸(ALA) + CoA + CO2
- ステロイドホルモン・ホルモン受容体複合体をDNAより解離させ、ホルモンの働きを抑制する作用がある。このため、ビタミンB6欠乏ではエストロゲン、アンドロゲン、コルチゾール、ビタミンDの作用が増強される。ホルモン依存性の悪性腫瘍が存在する場合にビタミンB6欠乏の程度と予後が相関する(HBC.499)
臨床関連
[★]
- 関
- carry out、conduct、execute、make、perform、practice、undertake
[★]
デカルボキシラーゼ、脱炭酸酵素
- 関
- carboxy-lyase
[★]
レボドパ。ドパ 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
[★]
レボドパ。ドパ