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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/24 05:56:00」(JST)

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1. 甲状腺の外科解剖学surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland [show details]
…neuroendocrine parafollicular cells (C cells), derived from the ultimobranchial bodies, produce calcitonin. The ultimobranchial bodies fuse with the posterior lobes of the thyroid. C cells make up only approximately …
2. 甲状腺細胞病理学のアトラスatlas of thyroid cytopathology [show details]
…follicle development because these cells originate from the calcitonin-producing parafollicular C cells of the thyroid Occasional red cytoplasmic granules are seen, and the supporting stroma frequently…
3. Minor dermatologic proceduresminor dermatologic procedures [show details]
4. 甲状腺髄様癌：臨床症状、診断、および病期分類medullary thyroid cancer clinical manifestations diagnosis and staging [show details]
…germline RET testing in all patients with newly diagnosed C cell hyperplasia or apparently sporadic MTC. Initial germline testing in patients with C cell hyperplasia or apparently sporadic MTC should include …
5. 多発性内分泌腫瘍2型の臨床症状および診断clinical manifestations and diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 [show details]
… MEN2). Neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia is diagnosed when nests of C cells appear to extend beyond the basement membrane and to infiltrate and destroy thyroid follicles . Reactive C-cell hyperplasia is considered …

English Journal

Adipocyte abundances of CES1, CRYAB, ENO1 and GANAB are modified in-vitro by glucose restriction and are associated with cellular remodelling during weight regain.

Qiao Q, Bouwman FG, van Baak MA, Roumans NJT, Vink RG, Coort SLM, Renes JW, Mariman ECM.
Adipocyte. 2019 Dec;8(1)190-200.
Long-term weight loss maintenance is a problem of overweight and obesity. Changes of gene expression during weight loss (WL) by calorie restriction (CR) are linked to the risk of weight regain (WR). However, detailed information on genes/proteins involved in the mechanism is still lacking. Therefore
PMID 31037987

Lymphocytes upregulate CD36 in adipose tissue and liver.

Couturier J, Nuotio-Antar AM, Agarwal N, Wilkerson GK, Saha P, Kulkarni V, Lakhashe SK, Esquivel J, Nehete PN, Ruprecht RM, Sastry KJ, Meyer JM, Hill LR, Lake JE, Balasubramanyam A, Lewis DE.
Adipocyte. 2019 Dec;8(1)154-163.
CD36 is a multifunctional scavenger receptor and lipid transporter implicated in metabolic and inflammatory pathologies, as well as cancer progression. CD36 is known to be expressed by adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages, but its expression by T cells is not clearly established. We found that CD4 a
PMID 31035848

In vitro transdifferentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells to neural lineage cells - a stage-specific incidence.

Radhakrishnan S, Trentz OA, Reddy MS, Rela M, Kandasamy M, Sellathamby S.
Adipocyte. 2019 Dec;8(1)164-177.
The present Study investigated the intrinsic ability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and their neural transdifferentiation in a stage-specific manner. Woodbury's Chemical induction was implemented with modifications to achieve neural transdifferentiation. In Group I, ADSCs were preinduc
PMID 31033391

Japanese Journal

Insights into the biology of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells

Nakajima Taiki,Ikeya Makoto
Regenerative Therapy (11), 25-30, 2019-12
… Recently, several researchers have attempted to apply induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology as a powerful tool for studying the mechanisms underlying the onset of various diseases and for new drug screening. …
NAID 120006630969

Physicochemical impedance modeling of solid oxide fuel cell anode as an alternative tool for equivalent circuit fitting

Kishimoto Masashi,Onaka Hironori,Iwai Hiroshi,Saito Motohiro,Yoshida Hideo
Journal of Power Sources (431), 153-161, 2019-08-15
… A simple but physicochemically meaningful numerical model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode is developed as a tool to understand and reproduce its impedance spectra. …
NAID 120006636652

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of biological signal transduction predicts conservation of entropy production rate

Tsuruyama Tatsuaki
Journal of Theoretical Biology (472), 84-87, 2019-07-07
… Non- equilibrium thermodynamics provides a theoretical framework for cell signal transduction. …
NAID 120006629252

「甲状腺」

　　[★]

英: thyroid gland
ラ: glandula thyroidea
関: 甲状腺ホルモン、副甲状腺(上皮小体); 喉頭

図：N.24(全面の筋),25(全面の筋),70(血管),71(血管)

解剖学

部位

胸骨舌骨筋と胸骨甲状筋の裏で、輪状軟骨の下部に位置する。
C5-T1椎体の高さ

性状

成人の正常重量15-25g、女性の方が少し重い。妊娠中や性周期で重量が変化する。分泌期初期（early secretary phase排卵後2-5日目）には50%も重量が増加する。

大きさ

よくわかる甲状腺疾患のすべて　永井書店 (2004/01)　ISBN 481591673X

単位はmm？

	n	峡部	横断厚	横径	縦経(右)	縦経(左)
男性	34	1.8±0.6	18±3.0	48±4.8	49±3.7	49±3.8
女性	16	1.3±0.8	16±2.2	46±3.6	45±6.0	46±3.0

血管

動脈

静脈

神経

声帯を支配する神経が甲状腺の裏側を通過 N.71

画像

超音波検査

(高エコー)筋肉＞甲状腺＞気道(低エコー)　　←　要確認

びまん性腫大、等エコー～低エコー：グレーブス病
低エコー・高エコーの混在：甲状腺癌
不均一な粗い低エコー：橋本病
炎症部位は低エコーとなる：亜急性甲状腺炎

組織学

濾胞上皮細胞 follicular cell

甲状腺ホルモンを産生、分泌。

C細胞 C cell

成人甲状腺全体の0.1%を占める
カルシトニン産生細胞、HEでは判別困難。
銀染色(Glimerius)、免疫組織化学（chromogranin A、synaprophysin, carcitoninなど）により明らかとなる。
電顕では、electron dense な顆粒を有する（神経内分泌顆粒）。

機能

濾胞上皮細胞で甲状腺濾胞ホルモン(甲状腺ホルモン)を産生・分泌。甲状腺刺激ホルモンが刺激となる。
傍濾胞細胞でカルシトニンを産生・分泌

発生

甲状腺は舌盲孔で咽頭底の上皮性増殖として出現
舌盲孔で陥入し、咽頭腸の前を2葉に分かれて下降する。
甲状腺が陥入してできた管を甲状舌管という。
発生学的由来：咽頭底の上皮性上皮、内胚葉

神経支配

上頚部交感神経節、中頚部交感神経節。交感神経神経線維は濾胞近傍に終末し、分泌に影響を及ぼす。

臨床関連

診察所見と疾患

びまん性に腫大しており、柔らかい：グレーブス病、単純性甲状腺腫
硬い：橋本病
圧痛あり：亜急性甲状腺炎、急性化膿性甲状腺炎、橋本病の急性増悪、一部の甲状腺嚢胞

非腫瘍性疾患

1. 遺伝疾患、発達傷害

a) 無形成 Agenesis
b) 低形成 Hypoplasia
c) 異所性甲状腺：異残物

2. 甲状舌管嚢胞 (thyroglossal duct cyst)：異残物
3. 薬剤の影響：

mynocyclineによるblack thyroid：消耗性色素リポフスチンと他の物質（lipid-drug complexによりlysosomeに色素が沈着する）。

4. 感染

a) 急性甲状腺炎
b) 亜急性甲状腺炎

5. 自己免疫性甲状腺疾患

a) 橋本病
b) Basedow病 (Graves病）
c) 限局性リンパ球性甲状腺炎 focal lymphocytic thyroiditis
d) 浸潤性線維性甲状腺炎 invasive fibrous thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis

6. 甲状腺腫 goiter

a) simple and multinodular nontoxic goiter
b) ホルモン合成傷害性甲状腺腫 dyshormonogenetic goiter
c) toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer病）
d) amyloid goiter

7. C細胞過形成 C-cell hyperplasia

腫瘍性疾患 (甲状腺腫瘍)

1. 良性腫瘍

a) 濾胞腺腫 follicular adenoma

2. 悪性腫瘍（甲状腺癌）悪性腫瘍中の頻度

a) 乳頭癌 papillary carcinoma　88%
b) 濾胞癌 follicular carcinoma 4.2%　甲状腺濾胞癌 thyroid follicular carcinoma
c) 低分化癌 poorly differentiated carcinoma
d) 未分化癌 undifferentiated carcinoma 1.5%
e) 髄様癌(C細胞癌) medullary carcinoma, C-cell carcinoma 1.4%
f) 悪性リンパ腫 malignant lymphoma 3.5%

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.