関: dietary fiber、roughage

WordNet

coarse, indigestible plant food low in nutrients; its bulk stimulates intestinal peristalsis (同)fiber
a piece of wood that has been burned or is burning (同)firebrand
burn with a branding iron to indicate ownership; of animals
a recognizable kind; "theres a new brand of hero in the movies now"; "what make of car is that?" (同)make
identification mark on skin, made by burning
mark with a brand or trademark; "when this product is not branded it sells for a lower price" (同)trademark, brandmark
annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains
grains of common wheat; sometimes cooked whole or cracked as cereal; usually ground into flour (同)wheat_berry
broken husks of the seeds of cereal grains that are separated from the flour by sifting
food prepared from the husks of cereal grains

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粗い食物(飼料)(繊維を大量に含み腸の蠕動(ぜんどう)を刺激する)
(商品などの)『種類』,『品質』《+『of』+『名』》 / 『商標』,『銘柄』 / (家蓄・商品などに付けて所有主・品質などを示す)焼き印,焼きごて / (昔罪人に押した)烙印(らくいん);汚名 / 《文》燃えさし / …‘に'焼き印を押す / …‘に'(…という)汚名を着せる,烙印(らくいん)を押す《+『名』[+『as』]+『名』(『形』)》 / (…に)…'を'強く印象づける《+『名』+『on』(『in』)+『名』》
小麦
ふすま,ぬか
=brassiere,　brassiere

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/29 12:05:04」(JST)

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Bran, also known as miller's bran,^[1] is the hard outer layers of cereal grain. It consists of the combined aleurone and pericarp.

Along with germ, it is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as a byproduct of milling in the production of refined grains. When bran is removed from grains, the grains lose a portion of their nutritional value. Bran is present in and may be milled from any cereal grain, including rice, corn (maize), wheat, oats, barley and millet. Bran should not be confused with chaff, which is coarser scaly material surrounding the grain, but not forming part of the grain itself.

Bran is particularly rich in dietary fiber and essential fatty acids and contains significant quantities of starch, protein, vitamins, dietary minerals and phytic acid, which is an antinutrient that prevents nutrient absorption.

The high oil content of bran makes it subject to rancidification, one of the reasons that it is often separated from the grain before storage or further processing. Bran can be heat-treated to increase its longevity.^{[citation needed]}

Composition

Nutrients (%)	Wheat	Rye	Oat	Rice	Barley
Carbohydrates w/o starch	45–50	50–70	16–34	18–23	70–80
starch	13–18	12–15	18–45	18–30	8–11
proteins	15–18	8–9	13–20	15–18	11–15
fats	4–5	4–5	6–11	18–23	1–2

Rice bran

Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice milling process (the conversion of brown rice to white rice), and it contains various antioxidants that impart beneficial effects on human health.^[2] A major rice bran fraction contains 12%-13% oil and highly unsaponifiable components (4.3%).^{[citation needed]} This fraction contains tocotrienols (a form of vitamin E), gamma-oryzanol and beta-sitosterol; all these constituents may contribute to the lowering of the plasma levels of the various parameters of the lipid profile. Rice bran also contains a high level of dietary fibres (beta-glucan, pectin and gum). In addition, it also contains ferulic acid, which is also a component of the structure of nonlignified cell walls. However, some research suggests there are levels of inorganic arsenic (a toxin and carcinogen) present in rice bran. One study found the levels to be 20% higher than in drinking water.^[3] Other types of bran (derived from wheat, oat or barley) contain less arsenic than rice bran, and are just as nutrient-rich.^[4]

Uses

Wheat bran

Oat bran

Bran is often used to enrich breads (notably muffins) and breakfast cereals, especially for the benefit of those wishing to increase their intake of dietary fiber. Bran may also be used for pickling (nukazuke) as in the tsukemono of Japan. In Romania and Moldova, the fermented wheat bran is usually used when preparing borș soup.

Rice bran in particular finds many uses in Japan, where it is known as nuka (糠; ぬか). Besides using it for pickling, Japanese people also add it to the water when boiling bamboo shoots, and use it for dish washing. In Kitakyushu City, it is called jinda and used for stewing fish, such as sardine. Rice bran and rice bran oil are also widely used in Japan as a natural beauty treatment. The high levels of oleic acid makes it particularly well absorbed by human skin, and it contains over 100 known vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, including gamma oryzanol, which is believed to impact pigment development.

In Myanmar, rice bran, called phwei-bya, is mixed with ash and used as a traditional detergent for washing dishes. Rice bran is also stuck to commercial ice blocks to hinder them from melting. It is also burned for fuel for rice mills in the rice growing regions of the Irrawaddy delta. Use of rice bran as a food item is common among the people of the South Indian state of Kerala. Bran oil may be also extracted for use by itself for industrial purposes (such as in the paint industry), or as a cooking oil, such as rice bran oil.Japan has considered rice bran to a valuable resource since ages and extracted oil out of it and it is popularly known as heart oil. Also it is emerging as a popular cooking oil in Asian countries, especially for shallow and deep frying application^[5]

Bran was found to be the most successful slug deterrent by BBC's TV programme, Gardeners' World. It is a common substrate and food source used for feeder insects, such as mealworms and waxworms. Wheat bran has also been used for tanning leather since at least the 16th century.^[6]

Brewing

George Washington had a recipe for small beer involving bran, hops, and molasses.^[7]

References

^ "Wheat Bran". Spiritfoods. 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Barron, Jon (21 September 2010). "Black Rice Bran, the Next Superfood?". Baseline of Health Foundation. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ "Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Bran and Its Products Are an Order of Magnitude Higher than in Bulk Grain - Environmental Science & Technology (ACS Publications)". Pubs.acs.org. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Superfood rice bran contains arsenic - environment - 22 August 2008 - New Scientist". Environment.newscientist.com. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "what is rice bran oil". AP refinery.
^ Rossetti, Gioanventura (1969). the plictho. Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0262180308.
^ George Washington (1757), "To make Small Beer", George Washington Papers . New York Public Library Archive.

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Ethanol from a biorefinery waste stream: Saccharification of amylase, protease and xylanase treated wheat bran.

Wood IP1, Cook NM2, Wilson DR3, Ryden P4, Robertson JA5, Waldron KW6.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 May 1;198:125-31. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.108. Epub 2015 Oct 23.
Biorefining aims to exploit the full value of plant material by sequentially extracting and valorising its components. Many studies focus on the saccharification of virgin biomass sources, but it may be more efficient to pre-extract high-value components before hydrolysis to fermentable sugars. In t
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Relationship between bran characteristics and bran starch of selected soft wheats grown in Michigan.

Liu Y1, Ng PK2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):427-35. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.112. Epub 2015 Nov 10.
The aims of this study were to investigate differences among chosen wheat varieties in their bran starch (the starch adherent to bran particles after a dry milling process) quantity, bran particle size, and milled bran thickness, and to investigate the relationship between bran characteristics and b
PMID 26616971

Antioxidant properties of diverse cereal grains: A review on in vitro and in vivo studies.

Masisi K1, Beta T2, Moghadasian MH3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:90-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.021. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
Cereal grains and products have gained popularity in contributing to healthy eating behavior because of their antioxidant properties associated with protection against chronic diseases. In this review, notable studies on the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of commonly consumed cereal grain
PMID 26593469

Japanese Journal

Antioxidant status, metabolic profile and immune response of lambs supplemented with tannin rich Ficus infectoria leaf meal

Dey Avijit,Dutta Narayan,Pattanaik Ashok Kumar,Sharma Kusumakar
Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 63(1), 15-24, 2015-02
… To study the effect of supplementation of tanniferous tree leaves Ficus infectoria on antioxidant status and immune response, twenty four lambs were randomly divided into four groups of six each in a completely randomized design and fed either a conventional supplement (CON) or experimental supplements (FILM-I, FILM-II and FILM-III) containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% condensed tannins (CT), respectively by replacement of wheat bran of supplement CON with Ficus infectoria leaf meal (FILM). …
NAID 120005567792

ツクツクボウシタケ由来プロテアーゼの精製とその性質

竹川千裕,中村和夫,本間裕人,大山拓次
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ツクツクボウシタケのフスマ液体培養から抽出した菌体外プロテアーゼを精製し,その性質を調べた.寒天培地上で分生子形成菌糸体と未分生子形成菌糸体の二形態をとることがわかった.分生子形成菌糸体は高い酵素活性を示した.CM-Sepharoseカラムクロマトグラフィーによって,収率33%,13倍に精製された.酵素標品は電気泳動的に単一のバンドが得られた.分子量はSDS-PAGEによって30.6kDa,ゲル濾 …
NAID 110009863113