Triticum aestivum

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durum wheat、Triticum、wheat

WordNet

1. annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains
2. grains of common wheat; sometimes cooked whole or cracked as cereal; usually ground into flour (同)wheat_berry
3. annual cereal grasses from Mediterranean area; widely cultivated in temperate regions (同)genus Triticum

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/01 23:27:23」(JST)

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Common wheat
Ears of common wheat
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Pooideae
Tribe:	Triticeae
Genus:	Triticum
Species:	T. aestivum
Binomial name
Triticum aestivum L.
Synonyms
T. vulgare

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species. About 95% of the wheat produced is common wheat.

Nomenclature and taxonomy of wheat and its cultivars

Further information: Taxonomy of wheat

Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. For more information, see the taxonomy of wheat.

List of the common cultivars

• Albimonte
• Manital

Evolution

Bread wheat is an allohexaploid (an allopolyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets from each of three different species). Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii) give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.

Of the six sets of chromosomes, two come from Triticum urartu (einkorn wheat) and two from Aegilops speltoides. This hybridisation created the species Triticum turgidum, 580-820 thousand years ago. The last two sets of chromosomes came from Aegilops tauschii, 230-430 thousand years ago.

History

Common wheat was first domesticated in Western Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.

Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War, grain production in Kansas doubled.

Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe.

Plant breeding

A field of wheat in Deggendorf, Germany

Modern wheat varieties have short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.

Other forms of common wheat

Ears of compact wheat

Compact wheats (e.g., club wheat Triticum compactum, but in India T. sphaerococcum) are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus T. aestivum subsp. compactum).

References

See also

• International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

English Journal

• Expression of α-amylase inhibitors in diploid Triticum species.

• Zoccatelli G, Sega M, Bolla M, Cecconi D, Vaccino P, Rizzi C, Chignola R, Brandolini A.SourceUniversità di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Verona, Italy. gianni.zoccatelli@univr.it
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2012 Dec 15;135(4):2643-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.123. Epub 2012 Jul 14.
• The aim of the work was to characterize the expression of various α-amylase inhibitors (αAIs), well known anti-nutritional compounds, for the development of healthier diploid wheat-based functional foods. The salt-soluble protein fractions from the seeds of 53 accessions among Triticum monococcum
• PMID 22980853

• Isolation and characterization of a bread wheat salinity responsive ERF transcription factor.

• Dong W, Ai X, Xu F, Quan T, Liu S, Xia G.SourceThe Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
• Gene.Gene.2012 Dec 10;511(1):38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.039. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
• A screen conducted on both a suppression subtractive hybridization and a full length cDNA library made from a salinity tolerant bread wheat cultivar SR3 (Triticum aestivum cv. SR3) resulted in the recognition of TaERF4, a gene including both an AP2/ERF domain and a nuclear localization signal. The 9
• PMID 23000066

Japanese Journal

• Implications of an inverted duplication in the wheat KN1-type homeobox gene Wknox1 for theorigin of Persian wheat

• Genes & Genetic Systems 90(2), 115-120, 2015
• NAID 130005098891

• Quantitative trait locus analysis for flowering-related traits using two F₂ populations derived from crosses between Japanese common wheat cultivars and synthetic hexaploids

• Genes & Genetic Systems 90(2), 89-98, 2015
• NAID 130005098890

• Comparison of genome-wide gene expression patterns in the seedlings of nascent allohexaploid wheats produced by two combinations of hybrids

• Genes & Genetic Systems 90(2), 79-88, 2015
• NAID 130005098888

Related Links

• Triticum aestivum - Ensembl Genomes

The bread wheat genome in Ensembl Plants is the Chromosome Survey Sequence (CSS) for Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, combined with the reference sequence of chromosome 3B, both generated by the International Wheat ...

• 小麦種(Triticum aestivum L.) | 農研機構

農研機構は食料・農業・農村に関する研究開発を行う機関です。 ... カテゴリ 品種の名称 公表日 概要 食用作物 小麦種(Triticum aestivum L.) さちかおり 2015年6月26日 食用作物 小麦種(Triticum aestivum L.)

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durum wheat、Triticum aestivum、wheat