viral disease

• ウイルス性疾患

関

virus disease

WordNet

1. an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
2. caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
3. relating to or caused by a virus; "viral infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
2. 女性の話術芸人 =diseur
3. 病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
4. ウィルスの;ウィルスが原因の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/16 21:02:48」(JST)

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Viral disease
Classification and external resources
MeSH	D014777

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones. These are tables of the clinically most important viruses. A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones.

Structural characteristics

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans.

There are five double-stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.

There is one family of partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.

There is one family of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.

There are seven positive single-stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.

There are six negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.

There is one family with a double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.

There is one additional virus (Hepatitis D virus) which has not yet been assigned to a family but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.

There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

Useful rules of thumb

Among the human infecting families there are a number of rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: Poxviruses (DNA viruses) replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.

Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.

Three families are transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors as well. All are RNA viruses.

Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.

Comparison table of clinically important virus families and species

Family	Baltimore group	Important species	envelopment	Virion shape	Replication site
Adenoviridae	Group I	Adenovirus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Herpesviridae	Group I	Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8	enveloped	complex	nucleus
Papillomaviridae	Group I	Human papillomavirus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Polyomaviridae	Group I	BK virus, JC virus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Poxviridae	Group I	Smallpox	enveloped	complex	cytoplasm
Hepadnaviridae	Group VII	Hepatitis B virus	enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Parvoviridae	Group II	Human bocavirus, Parvovirus B19	non-enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Astroviridae	Group IV	Human astrovirus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Caliciviridae	Group IV	Norwalk virus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Picornaviridae	Group IV	coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Coronaviridae	Group IV	Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus	enveloped	helical	cytoplasm
Flaviviridae	Group IV	Hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus	enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Togaviridae	Group IV	Rubella virus	enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Hepeviridae	Group IV	Hepatitis E virus	enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm
Retroviridae	Group VI	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	enveloped	icosahedral	nucleus
Orthomyxoviridae	Group V	Influenza virus	enveloped	helical	nucleus
Arenaviridae	Group V	Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Machupo virus, Sabiá virus	enveloped	helical	cytoplasm
Bunyaviridae	Group V	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus	enveloped	helical	cytoplasm
Filoviridae	Group V	Ebola virus, Marburg virus	enveloped	helical	cytoplasm
Paramyxoviridae	Group V	Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human metapneumovirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus	enveloped	helical	cytoplasm
Rhabdoviridae	Group V	Rabies virus	enveloped	helical, bullet shaped	cytoplasm
Unassigned	Group V	Hepatitis D	enveloped	spherical	nucleus
Reoviridae	Group III	Rotavirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus	non-enveloped	icosahedral	cytoplasm

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type	Family	Transmission	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention	laboratory diagnosis
Adenovirus	Adenoviridae	droplet contact fecal-oral venereal direct contact (ocular infections)	acute febrile pharyngitis pharyngoconjunctival fever epidemic keratoconjunctivitis infantile gastroenteritis	None	vaccine hand washing covering mouth when coughing/sneezing avoiding close contact with the sick	virus neutralization hemagglutination assay ELISA
Coxsackievirus	Picornaviridae	fecal-oral droplet contact	Hand, foot and mouth disease aseptic meningitis pericarditis myocarditis	None	hand washing covering mouth when coughing/sneezing avoiding contaminated food/water improved sanitation	Cell culture, antibody detection
Epstein-Barr virus	Herpesviridae	saliva	infectious mononucleosis Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma	None	avoiding close contact with the sick	Antibody detection immunoflourescence ELISA Nucleic acid detection
Hepatitis A virus	Picornaviridae	fecal-oral	acute hepatitis	Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)	vaccine avoiding contaminated food/water improved sanitation	antibody detection
Hepatitis B virus	Hepadnaviridae	bodily fluids	acute hepatitis chronic hepatitis hepatic cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma	immunoglobulin Adefovir Entecavir Pegylated interferon alfa-2 Lamivudine	vaccine immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis) avoiding shared needles/syringes safe sex	viral antigen detection antibody detection nucleic acid detection
Hepatitis C virus	Flaviviridae	blood sexual contact	acute hepatitis chronic hepatitis hepatic cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma	Pegylated interferon alfa-2 Ribavirin	avoiding shared needles/syringes safe sex	antibody detection nucleic acid detection
Herpes simplex virus, type 1	Herpesviridae	direct contact saliva	primary HSV-1 infection (gingivostomatitis in children, tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults, keratoconjunctivitis) latent HSV-1 infection (herpes labialis, cold sores)	acyclovir famciclovir foscarnet penciclovir	avoiding close contact with lesions safe sex	immunofluorescence immunoperoxidase nucleic acid detection
Herpes simplex virus, type 2	Herpesviridae	sexual contact vertical transmission	primary HSV-2 infection latent HSV-2 infection aseptic meningitis	acyclovir famciclovir foscarnet penciclovir cidofovir	avoiding close contact with lesions safe sex	cell culture immunofluorescence immunoperoxidase nucleic acid detection
Cytomegalovirus	Herpesviridae	bodily fluids vertical transmission	infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalic inclusion disease	ganciclovir cidofovir foscarnet	hand washing avoid sharing food and drinks with others safe sex	antibody and nucleic acid detection
Human herpesvirus, type 8	Herpesviridae	bodily fluids	Kaposi sarcoma multicentric Castleman disease primary effusion lymphoma	many in evaluation-stage	avoid close contact with lesions safe sex	Nucleic acid and antibody detection
HIV	Retroviridae	sexual contact blood breast milk vertical transmission	AIDS	HAART	zidovudine (perinatally) blood product screening avoiding shared needles/syringes safe sex	nucleic acid, p24 antibody detection
Influenza virus	Orthomyxoviridae	droplet contact	influenza (Reye syndrome)	amantadine rimantadine zanamivir oseltamivir	vaccine hand washing covering mouth when coughing/sneezing avoiding close contact with the sick	Hemagglutination assay antigen detection
Measles virus	Paramyxoviridae	droplet contact	measles postinfectious encephalomyelitis	None	vaccine quarantining the sick avoiding contact with the sick	antibody detection
Mumps virus	Paramyxoviridae	droplet contact	mumps	None	vaccine avoiding close contact with the sick	antibody detection
Human papillomavirus	Papillomaviridae	direct contact sexual contact vertical transmission	hyperplastic epithelial lesions (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis) 55+ (hands/ feet) 30+ (anogenital/ some are oral/ throat/ respiratory) Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas)	liquid nitrogen laser vaporization cytotoxic chemicals interferon cidofovir	vaccine avoiding close contact with lesions safe sex	Visual inspection Antigen detection Nucleic acid detection
Parainfluenza virus	Paramyxoviridae	droplet contact	croup pneumonia bronchiolitis common cold	None	hand washing covering mouth when coughing/sneezing	Antibody detection
Poliovirus	Picornaviridae	fecal-oral	poliomyelitis	None	vaccine avoiding contaminated food and water improved sanitation	Antibody detection
Rabies virus	Rhabdoviridae	saliva droplet contact	rabies	Post-exposure prophylaxis	vaccine avoiding rabid animals	Histology (postmortem)
Respiratory syncytial virus	Paramyxoviridae	droplet contact direct contact	bronchiolitis pneumonia influenza-like syndrome severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia	(ribavirin)	hand washing avoiding close contact with the sick palivizumab in high risk individuals covering mouth when coughing/sneezing	antibody and antigen detection
Rubella virus	Togaviridae	droplet contact	German measles congenital rubella	None	vaccine avoiding close contact with the sick	Antibody detection
Varicella-zoster virus	Herpesviridae	direct contact droplet contact	chickenpox herpes zoster	Varicella: acyclovir famciclovir valacyclovir Zoster: acyclovir famciclovir	Varicella: vaccine varicella-zoster immunoglobulin avoiding close contact with the sick Zoster: vaccine varicella-zoster immunoglobulin	Cell culture antigen and nucleic acid detection

Notes

In 2010 it was reported that the presence of a begomovirus (Pepper mild mottle virus) in the stool was associated with clinical disease and a specific immune response. If this association can be confirmed it is the first known case of disease caused by a virus previously considered pathogenic only to plants.

Diagnosis and treatment

Clinical presentation is used to detect viral disease by looking for history of severe muscle and joint pains before fever and also detect skin rash and lymph gland swelling. Laboratory investigation is not necessary to detect viral infections, because no increase in the white blood cells, the laboratory investigation is done to find other bacterial infections, if it is suspected. Viruses commonly have self-limited life, so treatment is usually reduce the symptoms only and antipyretic and analgesic drugs are commonly being used.

See also

• Folding@home
• List of latent human viral infections
• List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
• Pathogenic bacteria

References

UpToDate Contents

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「virus disease」「ウイルス性疾患」
拡張検索	「central nervous system viral disease」
関連記事	「disease」「viral」

「virus disease」

　　[★]

• ウイルス性疾患、ウイルス症、ウイルス病、ウイルス疾患

関

viral disease

「ウイルス性疾患」

　　[★]

英

viral disease、virus disease

関

ウイルス病、ウイルス疾患、ウイルス症

「central nervous system viral disease」

　　[★]

• 中枢神経系ウイルス性疾患

「disease」

　　[★]

• n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

• something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関

ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

• 注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

　 　 　

「viral」

　　[★]

• adj.

• ウイルス性の、ウイルスの

関

virally、virogenic、virus