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convert into a sulfate
a salt or ester of sulphuric acid (同)sulphate
a basic polypeptide antibiotic (trade name Viocin) administered intramuscularly (along with other drugs) in the treatment of tuberculosis (同)Viocin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/05 17:22:39」(JST)

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Viomycin is a member of the tuberactinomycin family,^[1]^[2]^[3] a group of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics exhibiting anti-tuberculosis properties. The tuberactinomycin family is an essential component in the drug cocktail currently used to fight infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Viomycin was the first member of the tuberactinomycins to be isolated and identified^[4] and was used to treat TB until it was replaced by the less toxic, but structurally related compound, capreomycin. The tuberactinomycins target bacterial ribosomes, binding RNA and disrupting bacterial protein biosynthesis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus, that binds to RNA and inhibits prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing.

Biosynthesis[edit]

The gene cluster for viomycin has been sequenced from Streptomyces sp. strain ATCC 11861,^[5] Streptomyces vinaceus^[6] and from Streptomyces lividans 1326.^[4] It consists of a central cyclic pentapeptide code assembled from nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). The NRPS contains 4 proteins: VioA, VioF, VioI, and VioG. These proteins condense and cyclize two molecules of L-2,3-diaminopropionate (L-Dap), two molecules of L-serine (L-Ser), and one molecule of (2S,3R)-capreomycidine (L-Cam). After cyclizing these, VioJ catalyzes the α,β-desaturation of this preliminary structure. It is proposed that the viomycin gene cluster includes 36.3 kb of contiguous DNA that encodes 20 open reading frames (ORFs)^[5] that are involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, and eventual activation viomycin. In addition to these ORFs, the structure contains the resistance gene vph. The following is a summary of the ORFs and their functions.

VioA: NRPS (A-PCP-C-A-PCP-C)
VioH: Type II thioesterase
VioO: NRPS (A-PCP)-β-lysine activation
VioB: 2,3-diaminopropionate synthase
VioI: NRPS (PCP-C)
VioP: Lysine 2,3-aminomutase
VioC: L-Arg hydroxylase

VIoJ: 2,3-diaminopropionyl α,β-desaturase
vph: Viomycin phosphotransferase
VioD: Capreomycidine synthase
VioK: Ornithine cyclodeaminase
VioQ: Capreomycidine hydroxylase
VioE: Permease
VioL: Carbamoyltransferase

VioR: Transcriptional regulator
VioF: NRPS (A-PCP-C)
VIoM: NRPS (C)-β-lysine transferase
VIoS: Viomycin-phosphate phosphatase
VioG: NRPS (A-PCP-C/)
VioN: MbtH homolog
VioT: Transcriptional regulator

Synthesis of the backbone[edit]

The following is the proposed biosynthesis of viomycin using NRPS-catalyzed peptide synthesis. There are five modules for cyclic pentapeptide biosynthesis, including one that lacks an adenylation domain (A). It is therefore proposed that one of the other A domains functions twice. Additionally, the NRPS subunits are not suspected to function in the order in which their genes are arranged, a characteristic of viomycin biosynthesis that is unlike typical NRPS-catalyzed peptide synthesis.^[4] The NRPS components function in the order of VioA→VioI→VioF→VioG to account for the incorporation of β-ureidoalanine (β-Uda). The first A domain of VioA creates an L-Dap-PCP intermediate on the first PCP domain. Meanwhile, the second A domain of VioA loads L-Ser onto the second PCP domain, as well as the PCP of VioI. The activation of β-Uda occurs via VioF, and VioG incorporates L-Cam.

Figure 1. Domain Organization of viomycin.

Post-modification[edit]

After α,β-desaturation via VioJ, three modifications to the preliminary cyclic structure occur. Hydroxylation of C-6 in the structure occurs by VioQ, N-acylation of α-amino group using β-lysine, VioO, and VioM, and carbamoylation of the β-amino group, producing β-ureidoalanine (β-Uda) by the carbamoyltransferase homologue VioL.

Figure 2. Post-modification of Viomycin.

References[edit]

^ B. W. Bycroft (1972). Chem. Commun.: 660.
^ Noda et al.; Take, T; Nagata, A; Wakamiya, T; Shiba, T (1972). "Chemical studies on tuberactinomycin. 3. The chemical structure of viomycin (tuberactinomycin B)". J. Antibiot. 25 (7): 427. PMID 4350196.
^ T. Kitagawa et al. (1972). "The total structure of viomycin by sequential analysis". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 20 (10): 2215. PMID 4346588.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barkei, J.; Kevany, B.; Felnagle, E.; Thomas, M. (2009). "Investigations into viomycin biosynthesis by using heterologous production in Streptomyces lividans.". ChemBioChem. 10 (2): 366. doi:10.1002/cbic.200800646. PMC 2765823. PMID 19105177.
^ ^a ^b Thomas, M.; Chan, Y.; Ozanick, S., (2003). "Deciphering tuberactinomycin biosynthesis: isolation, sequencing, and annotation of the viomycin biosynthetic gene cluster.". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 (9): 2823. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.9.2823-2830.2003. PMC 182626. PMID 12936980.
^ Yin, X.; O'Hare, T.; Gould, S.; Zabriskie, M., (2003). "Identification and cloning of genes encoding viomycin biosynthesis from Streptomyces vinaceus and evidence for involvement of a rare oxygenase.". Gene 312: 215. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00617-6. PMID 12909358.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin and vernamycin B protect overlapping sites in the peptidyl transferase region of 23S ribosomal RNA.

Moazed D1, Noller HF.Author information 1Thimann Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064.AbstractUsing dimethyl sulfate and kethoxal, we have probed antibiotic-ribosome complexes, and identified sites of interaction of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin, vernamycin B and viomycin with 23S rRNA. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin and vernamycin B protect overlapping nonequivalent sites in the central loop of domain V. From the known functional effects of these drugs and their protection patterns, we infer that peptidyl transferase is inhibited as a result of binding antibiotics proximal to A-2451, whereas antibiotics bound proximal to A-2058 interfere with growth of the nascent polypeptide chain. Vernamycin B also strongly protects A-752, implying that this region of domain II is proximal to the central loop of domain V. Viomycin, which affects translocation and subunit dissociation, protects U-913 and G-914.
Biochimie.Biochimie.1987 Aug;69(8):879-84.
Using dimethyl sulfate and kethoxal, we have probed antibiotic-ribosome complexes, and identified sites of interaction of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin, vernamycin B and viomycin with 23S rRNA. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin and vernamycin B protect overlapping nonequivalent s
PMID 3122849

Effect of viomycin on dihydrostreptomycin binding to bacterial ribosomes.

Masuda K, Yamada T.AbstractViomycin, a peptide antibiotic, reduced the amounts of dihydrostreptomycin bound to ribosomes of Myobacterium smegmatis and Escherichia coli, although they have different modes of action. The [3H]dihydrostreptomycin binding to ribosomes could not exchanged with streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin, but not with unrelated antibiotics, namely, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, capreomycin, tuberactinomycin-N, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. We suggest that there is a significant interaction between the binding sites of viomycin and streptomycin on ribosomes.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.1976 Jul 16;435(4):333-9.
Viomycin, a peptide antibiotic, reduced the amounts of dihydrostreptomycin bound to ribosomes of Myobacterium smegmatis and Escherichia coli, although they have different modes of action. The [3H]dihydrostreptomycin binding to ribosomes could not exchanged with streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin, b
PMID 60132

Binding of dihydrostreptomycin to ribosomes from viomycin-sensitive and -resistant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Masuda K, Yamada T, Hori M.
Biken journal.Biken J.1974 Mar;17(1):33-4.
PMID 4136561

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バイオマイシン」「硫酸バイオマイシン」
拡張検索	「enviomycin sulfate」
関連記事	「sulfate」「viomycin」「sulfated」「sulfa」

「バイオマイシン」

Viomycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(S)-3,6-Diamino-N-((3S,9S,12S,15S,Z)-((2R,4S)-6-amino-4-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl)-9,12-bis(hydroxymethyl)2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxo-6-(ureidomethylene)-1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclohexadecan-15-yl)hexanamide
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Routes	Intramuscular injection
Identifiers
CAS number	32988-50-4
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 3037981
ChemSpider	2301596
UNII	YVU35998K5
ChEBI	CHEBI:15782
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1201221
Chemical data
Formula	C25H43N13O10
Mol. mass	685.691 g/mol
	SMILES C1[C@@H](NC(=N[C@H]1O)N)[C@H]2C(=O)NC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N/C(=C\NC(=O)N)/C(=O)N2)CO)CO)NC(=O)C[C@H](CCCN)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C25H43N13O10/c26-3-1-2-10(27)4-16(41)32-12-6-30-23(47)18(11-5-17(42)37-24(28)36-11)38-20(44)13(7-31-25(29)48)33-21(45)14(8-39)35-22(46)15(9-40)34-19(12)43/h7,10-12,14-15,17-18,39-40,42H,1-6,8-9,26-27H2,(H,30,47)(H,32,41)(H,33,45)(H,34,43)(H,35,46)(H,38,44)(H3,28,36,37)(H3,29,31,48)/b13-7-/t10-,11+,12-,14-,15-,17-,18-/m0/s1 ; Key:GXFAIFRPOKBQRV-GHXCTMGLSA-N ;
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