WordNet

the rite of staying awake for devotional purposes (especially on the eve of a religious festival) (同)watch
a period of sleeplessness
watch over (students taking an exam, to prevent cheating) (同)proctor
a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist
in a watchful manner (同)watchfully

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉不寝番,徹夜で見守ること / 《the ~》《古》祭りの前夜
試験(受験者)の監督をする

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/15 21:20:48」(JST)

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Vigil, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)

"A Knight's Vigil" by John Pettie

A vigil, from the Latin vigilia meaning wakefulness (Greek: pannychis,^[1] παννυχίς or agrypnia^[2] ἀγρυπνία),^[3] is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word vigilia has become generalized in this sense and means "eve" (as in on the eve of the war).

Eves of religious celebrations

A vigil may be held on the eve of a major religious festival (feast days), observed by remaining awake—"watchful"—as a devotional exercise or ritual observance on the eve of a holy day.^[4] Such liturgical vigils usually consist of psalms, prayers and hymns, possibly a sermon or readings from the Holy Fathers, and sometimes periods of silent meditation.

The term "morning" means that the observance begins on the evening before. In traditional Christianity, the celebration of liturgical feasts begins on the evening before the holy day because the Early Church continued the Jewish practice of beginning the day at sunset rather than midnight.

Most likely the best known vigil is the Easter Vigil held at night between Holy Saturday and Resurrection Sunday.

The Midnight Mass held on Christmas Eve is a remnant of this practice. Christmas Eve is a time of reflection for Christians all over the world.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church an All-Night Vigil (consisting of Great Vespers, Matins and the First Hour) is held on the eves of Sundays and all Major Feast Days (such as the Twelve Great Feasts and the Feast Days of important Saints) during the liturgical year.

Vigils are also commonly observed on Holy Days in the Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist Churches.^[5]

Vigils at the time of death

When a Jew dies, a watch is kept over the body and Tehillim are recited constantly, until the burial service.

In Christianity, especially the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, a vigil is often held when someone is gravely ill or mourning. Prayers are said and votives are often made. Vigils extend from eventual death to burial, ritualistically to pray for a loved one, but more so their body is never left alone.

Medieval knights

During the Middle Ages, a squire on the night before his knighting ceremony was expected to take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and then hold an all-night vigil of prayer in the chapel, preparing himself in this manner for life as a knight. For the knighting ceremony, he dressed in white as a symbol for purity and over that was placed a red robe to show his readiness to be wounded.

References

^ παννυχίς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ ἀγρυπνία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ Cross, F. L. Cross; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. Available (limitedly) online at the Oxford Reference.
^ Eve of a Feast, Catholic Encyclopedia
^ UMC.org

UpToDate Contents

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1. 緩和ケア：人生最後の数時間 palliative care the last hours and days of life

English Journal

Glucose series complexity at the threshold of diabetes.

Varela M1, Rodriguez C, Vigil L, Cirugeda E, Colas A, Vargas B.
Journal of diabetes.J Diabetes.2015 Mar;7(2):287-93. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12182. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
BACKGROUND: One of the earliest signs of dysfunction in a complex system is the simplification of its output. A well-accepted method to measure this phenomenon is detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Herein, we evaluated the usefulness of DFA at the threshold of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).METH
PMID 24911946

Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter.

Reith ME1, Blough BE2, Hong WC3, Jones KT4, Schmitt KC4, Baumann MH5, Partilla JS5, Rothman RB5, Katz JL3.
Drug and alcohol dependence.Drug Alcohol Depend.2015 Feb 1;147C:1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
BACKGROUND: Treatment of stimulant-use disorders remains a formidable challenge, and the dopamine transporter (DAT) remains a potential target for antagonist or agonist-like substitution therapies.METHODS: This review focuses on DAT ligands, such as benztropine, GBR 12909, modafinil, and DAT substra
PMID 25548026

Modafinil in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Mayer G1, Benes H, Young P, Bitterlich M, Rodenbeck A.
Journal of sleep research.J Sleep Res.2015 Feb;24(1):74-81. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12201. Epub 2014 Sep 5.
In 2010 the European Medicines Agency withdrew the indication of modafinil for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder and for idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). In uncontrolled studies, modafinil has been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of sleep disorders. We there
PMID 25196321

Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.

Liira J, Verbeek JH, Costa G, Driscoll TR, Sallinen M, Isotalo LK, Ruotsalainen JH.
São Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina.Sao Paulo Med J.2015 Feb;133(1):67. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.20151331T1. Epub 2015 Jan 1.
BACKGROUND: Shift work results in sleep-wake disturbances, which cause sleepiness during night shifts and reduce sleep length and quality in daytime sleep after the night shift. In its serious form it is also called shift work sleep disorder. Various pharmacological products are used to ameliorate s
PMID 25626854

Japanese Journal

Imaginative Truth : R.S. Thomas at Eglwys-fach: Paradoxical Poet

英米文化 (45), 1-18, 2015-03-31
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高度経済成長期前後の葬儀変遷 : 家族・介護・看取りを視野に入れて (高度経済成長期とその前後における葬送墓制の習俗の変化に関する調査研究 : 『死・葬送・墓制資料集成』の分析と追跡を中心に)

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 191, 201-234, 2015-02
NAID 120005749072

山形県置賜地方における葬送墓制習俗の変化 : 高畠町時沢の追跡調査から (高度経済成長期とその前後における葬送墓制の習俗の変化に関する調査研究 : 『死・葬送・墓制資料集成』の分析と追跡を中心に)

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 191, 181-200, 2015-02
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国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 191, 91-136, 2015-02
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