WordNet

interrupt, break, or destroy; "fracture the balance of power"
breaking of hard tissue such as bone; "it was a nasty fracture"; "the break seems to have been caused by a fall" (同)break
fracture a bone of; "I broke my foot while playing hockey" (同)break
become fractured; "The tibia fractured from the blow of the iron pipe"
break (a bone); "She broke her clavicle"
break into pieces; "The pothole fractured a bolt on the axle"
violate or abuse; "This writer really fractures the language"
the act of cracking something (同)crack, cracking
of or relating to or constituting vertebrae
one of the bony segments of the spinal column

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(特に)骨を折ること;骨を折った状熊 / 〈C〉割れ(裂け)目,(鉱物の)破砕面 / 〈足・腕などを〉‘を'骨折する;…‘を'砕く / 骨折する;砕ける
脊椎骨の;脊椎骨から成る
脊椎骨

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/16 11:55:12」(JST)

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A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra (compare with burst fracture). This weakening is seen in patients with osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta, lytic lesions from metastatic or primary tumors,^[1] or infection.^[2] In healthy patients it is most often seen in individuals suffering extreme vertical shocks, such as ejecting from an ejection seat. Seen in lateral views in plain x-ray films, compression fractures of the spine characteristically appear as wedge deformities, with greater loss of height anteriorly than posteriorly and intact pedicles in the anteroposterior view.^[3]

Signs and symptoms

Acute fractures will cause severe back pain. Compression fractures which develop gradually, such as in osteoporosis, may initially not cause any symptoms, but will later often lead to back pain and loss of height.

Diagnosis

Compression fractures are usually diagnosed on spinal radiographs, where a wedge-shaped vertebra may be visible or there may be loss of height of the vertebra. In addition, bone density measurement may be performed to evaluate for osteoporosis. When a tumor is suspected as the underlying cause, or the fracture was caused by severe trauma, CT or MRI scans may be performed.

Compression fracture of the fourth lumbar vertebra post falling from a height.
X-ray of the lumbar spine with a compression fracture of the third lumbar vertebra.
Compression fracture of T12

Treatment

Conservative treatment

Back brace for support while the bone heals-either a Jewett brace for relatively stable and mild injuries, or a TLSO for more severe ones.^[4]
Opioids or Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain. For osteoporotic patients, calcitonin may be helpful.^[5]^[6]

Surgical

Kyphoplasty^[7] and vertebroplasty,^[7]^[8] are minimally invasive procedures that inject cement into the bone of the back that is fractured. However, the data examining the effectiveness of these procedures is mixed.^[9]^[10]

References

^ Weber, Kristy (February 28, 2006). "Rounds 2: Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease". Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center.
^ "Bone Infections". MedlinePlus. September 7, 2011.
^ Brant, William E.; Helms, Clyde A. (2007). "Benign Compression Fracture". Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-7817-6135-2.
^ "Jewett vs. TLSO Replies". OANDP-L on oandp.com. 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "Calcitonin for osteoporotic fractures". Retrieved 2012-09-03.
^ Knopp, Jennifer A.; Diner, Barry M.; Blitz, Maurice; Lyritis, George P.; Rowe, Brian H. (2004). "Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials". Osteoporosis International. 16 (10): 1281–90. doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1798-8. PMID 15614441.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Rod S.; Taylor, Rebecca J.; Fritzell, Peter (2006). "Balloon Kyphoplasty and Vertebroplasty for Vertebral Compression Fractures". Spine. 31 (23): 2747–55. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000244639.71656.7d. PMID 17077747.
^ Taylor, Rod S.; Fritzell, Peter; Taylor, Rebecca J. (2007). "Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis". European Spine Journal. 16 (8): 1085–100. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0308-z. PMC 2200787. PMID 17277923.
^ Boonen, S.; Wahl, D. A.; Nauroy, L.; Brandi, M. L.; Bouxsein, M. L.; Goldhahn, J.; Lewiecki, E. M.; Lyritis, G. P.; et al. (2011). "Balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures". Osteoporosis International. 22 (12): 2915–34. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1639-5. PMID 21789685.
^ Han, Shiliang; Wan, Shuanglin; Ning, Lei; Tong, Yongjun; Zhang, Jianfeng; Fan, Shunwu (2011). "Percutaneous vertebroplasty versus balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: A meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials". International Orthopaedics. 35 (9): 1349–58. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1283-x. PMC 3167445. PMID 21637959.

External links

Vertebral Compression Fracture information on eMedicineHealth
Zeller, J. L.; Burke, A. E.; Glass, R. M. (2008). "Osteomyelitis". JAMA. 299 (7): 858. doi:10.1001/jama.299.7.858. PMID 18285597.
Medscape article on lytic lesions
Emedicine article on spinal metastasis

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨粗鬆症による胸腰椎圧迫骨折：臨床症状および医療 osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures clinical manifestations and treatment
2. 成人における脊髄損傷：定義、機序、および放射線学的所見 spinal column injuries in adults definitions mechanisms and radiographs
3. ニ重エネルギーX線吸収測定の概要 overview of dual energy x ray absorptiometry
4. 成人における腰痛の評価 evaluation of low back pain in adults
5. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: Evaluation and management

English Journal

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is an independent risk factor for non-vertebral fractures in women and men: The Tromsø Study.

Dahl K1, Ahmed LA1, Joakimsen RM2, Jørgensen L1, Eggen AE3, Eriksen EF4, Bjørnerem Å5.
Bone.Bone.2015 Mar;72:65-70. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.012. Epub 2014 Nov 20.
Low-grade inflammation is associated with fractures, while the relationship between inflammation and bone mineral density (BMD) is less clear. Moreover, any gender differences in the sensitivity to inflammation are still poorly elucidated. We therefore tested the hypothesis that high-sensitivity C-r
PMID 25460573

First performance evaluation of software for automatic segmentation, labeling and reformation of anatomical aligned axial images of the thoracolumbar spine at CT.

Scholtz JE1, Wichmann JL2, Kaup M2, Fischer S2, Kerl JM2, Lehnert T2, Vogl TJ2, Bauer RW2.
European journal of radiology.Eur J Radiol.2015 Mar;84(3):437-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.11.043. Epub 2014 Dec 13.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate software for automatic segmentation, labeling and reformation of anatomical aligned axial images of the thoracolumbar spine on CT in terms of accuracy, potential for time savings and workflow improvement.MATERIAL AND METHODS: 77 patients (28 women, 49 men, mean age 65.3±14.4
PMID 25554009