| Hepatic veno-occlusive disease |
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
gastroenterology |
| ICD-10 |
K76.5 |
| OMIM |
235550 |
| DiseasesDB |
34365 |
| eMedicine |
ped/2396 |
| MeSH |
D006504 |
| GeneReviews |
- Venous Occlusive Disease with Immunodeficiency
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Hepatic veno-occlusive disease or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a condition in which some of the small veins in the liver are obstructed. It is a complication of high-dose chemotherapy given before a bone marrow transplant (BMT) and is marked by weight gain due to fluid retention, increased liver size, and raised levels of bilirubin in the blood.[1] The name sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is now preferred if VOD happens as a result of chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.[1][2]
Apart from chemotherapy, VOD may also occur after ingestion of certain plant alkaloids such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (in some herbal teas),[1] and has been described as part of a rare hereditary disease called hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency (which results from mutations in the gene coding for a protein called SP110).[3]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Diagnosis
- 3 Pathophysiology
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 History
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
Signs and symptoms
Features of VOD include weight gain, tender hepatomegaly, ascites, and increased bilirubin. It often is associated with renal failure.
Diagnosis
Hepatic doppler ultrasound is typically utilized to confirm or suggest the diagnosis. Most common findings on liver doppler ultrasound include increased phasicity of portal veins with eventual development of portal flow reversal. The liver is usually enlarged but maintained normal echogenicity. A liver biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis.
Pathophysiology
In the BMT setting, VOD is felt to be due to injury to the hepatic venous endothelium from the conditioning regimen.
Toxic agents causing veno-occlusive disease include plants as well as the medication cyclophosphamide.
Treatment
Treatment for VOD is primarily supportive. In the BMT setting, defibrotide is an investigational treatment that may be promising. Defibrotide is a polydeoxyribonucleotide isolated from pig intestine. Although its mechanism of action in VOD is unclear, the drug is believed to have antithrombotic properties. In August 2009, Gentium S.p.A., which sponsored the phase 3 clinical trial (pivotal) of defibrotide in hepatic VOD, announced disappointing results. Further clinical development of defibrotide for this indication is uncertain.
Prognosis
When associated with bone marrow transplant, VOD is fatal in over 30% of cases. Cases due to plant alkaloids have a longer and more unpredictable course.
History
The first report on veno-occlusive disease, in 1920, was as a result of senecio poisoning in South Africa.[4] Subsequent reports were mostly in Jamaicans who had consumed herbal teas.[1] With the advent of bone marrow transplanation, most later reported cases have been in those undergoing treatment for leukemia.[1]
See also
- Budd-Chiari syndrome (large liver vein obstruction due to thrombosis)
References
- ^ a b c d e Helmy A (January 2006). "Review article: updates in the pathogenesis and therapy of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02742.x. PMID 16393276.
- ^ DeLeve LD, Shulman HM, McDonald GB (February 2002). "Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease)". Semin. Liver Dis. 22 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1055/s-2002-23204. PMID 11928077.
- ^ Roscioli T, Cliffe ST, Bloch DB, (June 2006). "Mutations in the gene encoding the PML nuclear body protein Sp110 are associated with immunodeficiency and hepatic veno-occlusive disease". Nat. Genet. 38 (6): 620–2. doi:10.1038/ng1780. PMID 16648851.
- ^ Willmot, F; Robertson, George (1920). "Senecio disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to senecio poisoning". The Lancet 196 (5069): 848. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)00020-4.
Further reading
- Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- Wingard JR, Nichols WG, McDonald GB (2004). "Supportive care". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 1: 372–89. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.372. PMID 15561693.
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Cardiovascular disease (I70–I99, 440–456)
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Arteries, arterioles
and capillaries |
| Inflammation |
- Arteritis
- Buerger's disease
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| Peripheral artery disease |
| Arteriosclerosis |
- Atherosclerosis
- Foam cell
- Fatty streak
- Atheroma
- Intermittent claudication
- Critical limb ischemia
- Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Hyaline
- Hyperplastic
- Cholesterol
- LDL
- Oxycholesterol
- Trans fat
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| Stenosis |
- Carotid artery stenosis
- Renal artery stenosis
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| Other |
- Aortoiliac occlusive disease
- Degos disease
- Erythromelalgia
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Raynaud's phenomenon
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Aneurysm / dissection /
pseudoaneurysm |
- torso: Aortic aneurysm
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Thoracic aortic aneurysm
- Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
- Aortic dissection
- Coronary artery aneurysm
- head / neck
- Intracranial aneurysm
- Intracranial berry aneurysm
- Carotid artery dissection
- Vertebral artery dissection
- Familial aortic dissection
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| Vascular malformation |
- Arteriovenous fistula
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Telangiectasia
- Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
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| Vascular nevus |
- Cherry hemangioma
- Halo nevus
- Spider angioma
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| Veins |
| Inflammation |
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Venous thrombosis /
Thrombophlebitis |
- primarily lower limb
- abdomen
- Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
- Budd–Chiari syndrome
- May–Thurner syndrome
- Portal vein thrombosis
- Renal vein thrombosis
- upper limb / torso
- Mondor's disease
- Paget–Schroetter disease
- head
- Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
- Post-thrombotic syndrome
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| Varicose veins |
- Gastric varices
- Portacaval anastomosis
- Caput medusae
- Esophageal varices
- Hemorrhoid
- Varicocele
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| Other |
- Chronic venous insufficiency
- Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
- Superior vena cava syndrome
- Inferior vena cava syndrome
- Venous ulcer
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| Arteries or veins |
- Angiopathy
- Macroangiopathy
- Microangiopathy
- Embolism
- Pulmonary embolism
- Cholesterol embolism
- Paradoxical embolism
- Thrombosis
- Vasculitis
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| Blood pressure |
| Hypertension |
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Hypertensive emergency
- Hypertensive nephropathy
- Essential hypertension
- Secondary hypertension
- Renovascular hypertension
- Benign hypertension
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Systolic hypertension
- White coat hypertension
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| Hypotension |
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