尿中グルコース、尿中ブドウ糖

WordNet

liquid excretory product; "there was blood in his urine"; "the child had to make water" (同)piss, pee, piddle, weewee, water
a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy

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尿,小便
ブドウ糖

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/07 19:43:13」(JST)

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Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus. Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys (such as Fanconi syndrome), producing a condition termed renal glycosuria.^[1] Glycosuria leads to excessive water loss into the urine with resultant dehydration, a process called osmotic diuresis.

Alimentary glycosuria is a temporary condition, when a high amount of carbohydrate is taken, it is rapidly absorbed in some cases where a part of the stomach is surgically removed, the excessive glucose appears in urine producing glucosuria.

Pathophysiology

Blood is filtered by millions of nephrons, the functional units that comprise the kidneys. In each nephron, blood flows from the arteriole into the glomerulus, a tuft of leaky capillaries. The Bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerulus, and collects the filtrate that the glomerulus forms. The filtrate contains waste products (e.g. urea), electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride), amino acids, and glucose. The filtrate passes into the renal tubules of the kidney. In the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal tubule, glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the bloodstream. The proximal tubule can only reabsorb a limited amount of glucose. When the blood glucose level exceeds about 160 – 180 mg/dl, the proximal tubule becomes overwhelmed and begins to excrete glucose in the urine.

Approximate correlation between dipstick designation and plasma concentration of glucose
Urine dipstick designation	Approximate plasma concentration
trace	100 mg/dL ^[2]
1+	250 mg/dL^[2] df
2+	500 mg/dL^[2]
3+	1000 mg/dL^[2]
4+	2000 mg/dL^[2]

This point is called the renal threshold for glucose (RTG).^[3] Some people, especially children and pregnant women, may have a low RTG (less than ~7 mmol/L^[3] glucose in blood to have glucosuria).

If the RTG is so low that even normal blood glucose levels produce the condition, it is referred to as renal glycosuria.

Glucose in urine can be identified by Benedict's qualitative test.

Medical induction with glycosuric drugs

Glycosuria can be induced therapeutically for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 using SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin (collectively known as gliflozins).

References

^ Rose, Burton; Rennke, Helmut (1994). Renal pathophysiology – the essentials (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 194. ISBN 0-683-07354-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Han BR, Oh YS, Ahn KH, Kim HY, Hong SC, Oh MJ, Kim HJ, Kim YT, Lee KW, Kim SH. BR, Han (Sep 2010). "Clinical Implication of 2nd Trimester Glycosuria". Korean J Perinatol. 21 (3): 258–265. [1] [2]
^ ^a ^b AIDA on-line' Explanations

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腎疾患の診断における尿検査 urinalysis in the diagnosis of kidney disease
2. 2型糖尿病のスクリーニング screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus
3. 小児および思春期における1型糖尿病の疫学、症状、および診断 epidemiology presentation and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
4. 2型糖尿病の治療のためのジペプチジルペプチダーゼ4（DPP-4）阻害剤 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 dpp 4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
5. 遠位（I型）および近位（II型）尿細管性アシドーシスの病因および診断 etiology and diagnosis of distal type 1 and proximal type 2 renal tubular acidosis

English Journal

Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the induction of diabetes using streptozotocin in rats.

Al-Khalifa A, Mathew TC, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew E, Dashti H.SourceDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie.Exp Toxicol Pathol.2011 Nov;63(7-8):663-9. Epub 2010 Jun 18.
Diabetes continues to be an overwhelmingly prevalent endocrine disorder that leads to several micro- and macrocomplications. It has been widely accepted that changes in dietary habits could induce or prevent the onset of diabetes. It is shown that low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is effective
PMID 21943927

Sensitive and selective determination of glucose in human serum and urine based on the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction of a new Fluorophore.

Zargoosh K, Shamsipur M, Qandalee M, Piltan M, Moradi L.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2011 Oct 15;81(1):679-83. Epub 2011 Jul 7.
A novel method for simple and sensitive determination of glucose based on the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) detection of enzymatically generated H(2)O(2) was investigated. Influence of various experimental parameters on glucose sensing, including the action time of the enzyme, solution pH,
PMID 21795102

Japanese Journal

Comparison of effects of bezafibrate and fenofibrate on circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and adipocytokine levels in dyslipidemic subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a crossover study

Noguchi Tohru,Kobayashi Junji,Yagi Kunimasa,Nohara Atsushi,Yamaaki Naoto,Sugihara Masako,Ito Naoko,Oka Rie,Kawashiri Masaaki,Tada Hayato,Takata Mutsuko,Inazu Akihiro,Yamagishi Masakazu,Mabuchi Hiroshi
Atherosclerosis 217 (1), pp. 165-170 217(1), 165-170, 2011-07
… Study subjects were 14 dyslipidemia with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus (61 ± 16 years, body mass index (BMI) 26 ± 3 kg/m2, total cholesterol (TC) 219 ± 53 mg/dL, triglyceride (TG) 183 ± 83 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) 46 ± 8 mg/dL, fasting plasma glucose 133 ± 31 mg/dL and HbA1c 6.2 ± 0.8%). …
NAID 120003141452

Evaluation of Serum and Urine 1,5-Anhydro-D-Glucitol and Myo-Inositol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs

MIKI Yohei,MORI Akihiro,HAYAKAWA Noriyuki,NIKI Tomoe,ODA Hitomi,SAEKI Kaori,SATO Toko,TAZAKI Hiroyuki,ISHIOKA Katsumi,ARAI Toshiro,SAKO Toshinori
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1104210496, 2011
… However, under hyperglycemic conditions, reabsorption through the renal tubules is competitively inhibited because the structures of 1,5AG and MI resemble that of glucose. … In this study, we investigated the kinetics of serum and urine 1,5AG and MI levels in healthy dogs. … We demonstrated that 1,5AG and MI exist in canine serum and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. …
NAID 130000677179

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「尿糖」「尿中ブドウ糖」「尿中グルコース」

「尿糖」

Glycosuria
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	R81 ICD9 = 791.5
DiseasesDB	5323
Patient UK	Glycosuria
MeSH	D006029
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: urine sugar, urine glucose, sugar in urine
同: 尿糖検査 test for glucose in urine、尿中ブトウ糖定量検査 quatitative measurement of urinary glucose、尿糖定量検査

基準値

定量：0.029-0.257 g/日

尿糖が陽性となる血糖値

血糖値が150-200 ないし 140-160 mg/dlを超えると尿糖陽性となる。

尿糖が陽性となる疾患 IMD.162

高血糖性糖尿	内分泌性	糖尿病、下垂体機能亢進症、甲状腺機能亢進症、副腎機能亢進症
	非内分泌性	肝疾患、中枢神経疾患
	薬物性	ACTH、ステロイドホルモン、アドレナリン、甲状腺ホルモン、モルヒネ、精神安定薬
	ストレス	感染症、手術、麻酔、呼吸不全
	食事性	胃切除後、過食
糖排泄閾値低下	重金属中毒	カドミウム、クロムなど
	腎疾患	慢性腎炎、腎硬化症、 Fanconi症候群、ネフローゼ症候群
	その他	腎性糖尿(先天性)、妊娠