WordNet

form a crust or form into a crust; "The bread crusted in the oven"
the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties (同)gall, impertinence, impudence, insolence, cheekiness, freshness
the outer layer of the Earth (同)Earth''s crust
a hard outer layer that covers something (同)incrustation, encrustation
the topmost one of two
piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
having a hardened crust as a covering (同)encrusted, crusty, crustlike
the leg from the knee to foot

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉(パン・パイなどの)上皮 / 〈U〉《the~》《単数・複数扱い》《話》最上流階級,貴族階級
〈C〉〈U〉『パンの皮』,パイの皮;〈C〉堅くなった一切れのパン / 〈C〉〈U〉(物の)堅い表面;(動物の)甲殻(かく);地殻;堅くなった雪面 / 外皮におおわれる《+『over』》
(場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/11 16:23:34」(JST)

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1. 成人における上部消化管出血の主要な原因 major causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults
2. 原発性（特発性）上肢深部静脈血栓症 primary spontaneous upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
3. 成人の閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸における上気道閉塞のメカニズムおよび解剖学的部位 mechanisms and anatomic sites of upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea in adults
4. 成人における急性上部消化管出血へのアプローチ approach to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults
5. 上部消化管内視鏡検査（食道胃十二指腸内視鏡検査）の概要 overview of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Insights into bread melanoidins: fate in the upper digestive tract and impact on the gut microbiota using in vitro systems.

Helou C1, Denis S, Spatz M, Marier D, Rame V, Alric M, Tessier FJ, Gadonna-Widehem P.
Food & function.Food Funct.2015 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]
Bread melanoidins are heterogeneous, nitrogen-containing, brown macromolecules generated during the last stages of the Maillard reaction in bread. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and fate of these bread melanoidins in the human gastrointestinal tract using in vitro systems. Batch
PMID 26364594

Rapid heterogeneous assembly of multiple magma reservoirs prior to Yellowstone supereruptions.

Wotzlaw JF1,2, Bindeman IN3, Stern RA4,5, D'Abzac FX1, Schaltegger U1.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2015 Sep 10;5:14026. doi: 10.1038/srep14026.
Large-volume caldera-forming eruptions of silicic magmas are an important feature of continental volcanism. The timescales and mechanisms of assembly of the magma reservoirs that feed such eruptions as well as the durations and physical conditions of upper-crustal storage remain highly debated topic
PMID 26356304

Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form, and why did they drain so rapidly?

Rodriguez JA1,2, Kargel JS3, Baker VR3, Gulick VC2,4, Berman DC1, Fairén AG5,6, Linares R7, Zarroca M7, Yan J8, Miyamoto H9, Glines N2,4.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2015 Sep 8;5:13404. doi: 10.1038/srep13404.
Catastrophic floods generated ~3.2 Ga by rapid groundwater evacuation scoured the Solar System's most voluminous channels, the southern circum-Chryse outflow channels. Based on Viking Orbiter data analysis, it was hypothesized that these outflows emanated from a global Hesperian cryosphere-confined
PMID 26346067

Generic dependence of the frequency-size distribution of earthquakes on depth and its relation to the strength profile of the crust

Spada M.,Tormann T.,Wiemer S.,Enescu B.,エネスクボグダン
Geophysical research letters 40(4), 709-714, 2013-02
… Because the maximum possible differential stress increases linearly in the brittle upper crust, we expect to find a decrease of b with depth. … Our findings suggest that b-values are negatively correlated with differential stress and hus have the potential to act as stress meters in the Earth's crust. …
NAID 120005323063

Kennett B. L. N.,Fichtner A.,Fishwick S.,Yoshizawa K.
Geophysical Journal International 192(2), 871-887, 2013-02
… For the upper mantle the primary source of information comes from seismic surface wave tomography, supplemented by analysis of body wave arrivals and regional tomography which provide useful constraints on the relation between P- and S-wave speeds in the mantle lithosphere. … Shallower structure is linked to the AuSREM crust through the recent Moho depth model of Kennett et al., which exploits all available sources of seismological information. …
NAID 120005228227