WordNet

the topmost one of two
piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles"
higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories"
superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class"
make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

(場所・位置が)『上のほうの』,上部の / 『上級の』,上位の / 奥地の,上流の / 靴の甲皮(こうがわ)(かかとより上の部分) / 覚醒剤（これの反意語はdowner：鎮静剤）
〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク
〈C〉航空路 / 〈C〉(鉱山などの)通風路 / 《複数形》航空会社

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Respiratory-related outputs of glutamatergic, hypercapnia-responsive parabrachial neurons in mice.

Yokota S1, Kaur S, VanderHorst VG, Saper CB, Chamberlin NL.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2015 Apr 15;523(6):907-20. doi: 10.1002/cne.23720. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, airway obstruction during sleep produces hypercapnia, which in turn activates respiratory muscles that pump air into the lungs (e.g., the diaphragm) and that dilate and stabilize the upper airway (e.g., the genioglossus). We hypothesized that these responses
PMID 25424719

Oral appliance to assist non-invasive ventilation in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Veldhuis SK1, Doff MH, Stegenga B, Nieuwenhuis JA, Wijkstra PJ.
Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung.Sleep Breath.2015 Mar;19(1):61-3. doi: 10.1007/s11325-014-1021-x. Epub 2014 Jun 20.
BACKGROUND: From the moment the respiratory muscle groups are affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), respiratory complications will be the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Untreated respiratory muscle impairment leads to respiratory insufficiency and additionally to difficulties in
PMID 24948477

Aboussouan LS1.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2015 Feb 27. [Epub ahead of print]
Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases is due to an exaggerated reduction in lung volumes during supine sleep, a compromised physiologic adaptation to sleep, and specific features of the diseases that may promote upper airway collapse or heart failure. The normal decrease in the rib ca
PMID 25723731