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a triangular lyre of ancient Greece and Rome

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/11 09:27:52」(JST)

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The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.

The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill.

Embryologically, the trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts, which is of mesodermal origin (the rest of the bladder is endodermal). In the female the mesonephric ducts regresses, causing the trigone to be less prominent, but still present.

Pathology

Clinically important because infections (trigonitis) tend to persist in this region.

Additional images

External links

trigone+of+bladder at eMedicine Dictionary
SUNY Labs 44:04-0203 - "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"

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English Journal

[Efficacy of toxin-A Botulinum for treating intractable bladder hyperactivity in children affected by neuropathic bladder secondary to myelomeningocele: an alternative to enterocystoplasty].

Marte A, Vessella A, Cautiero P, Romano M, Borrelli M, Noviello C, Del Gado R, Parmeggiani P.SourceChirurgia Pediatrica, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples. antonio.marte@unina2.it
Minerva pediatrica.Minerva Pediatr.2005 Feb;57(1):35-40.
AIM: To verify the efficacy of botulinus toxin A (TB-A) in treating children with neuropathic bladder secondary to myelomeningocele (MMC) with detrusor hyperactivity/low compliance, resistance to pharmacological therapy, and candidates for enterocystoplasty.METHODS: From January 2002 to June 2003, a
PMID 15791200

A new theory of micturition and urinary continence based on histomorphological studies. 2. The musculus sphincter vesicae: continence or sexual function?

Dorschner W, Stolzenburg JU, Dieterich F.SourceDepartment of Urology, Leipzig University, FRG.
Urologia internationalis.Urol Int.1994;52(3):154-8.
Results of a histomorphological study of serial sections carried out in frontal, transversal and sagittal directions in 65 bladder necks are presented. It is shown that the trigonal system of the urinary bladder consists of two anatomical structures: first, of a muscle originating from the muscle sy
PMID 8203055

Impulse pattern, innervation density and two point discrimination of skin and mucosal afferents in humans. Considerations for a sensory reinnervation of urinary bladder and anal canal in spinal cord lesions. IV (IV).

Schalow G.Abstract1. Single fiber action potentials (Ap's) were recorded with 2 pairs of wire electrodes from a coccygeal nerve root. Simultaneous impulse patterns of 3T0 + 6T1 + 3T2 + 11T3 + 5T4 and 4P single skin afferent units were separated by their different Ap wave forms and conduction velocities. For a rapid touch or pin-prick the afferent units fired on average with 2 Ap's. 2. The touch units had most likely the following receptor properties. T1: rapidly adapting, medium high threshold, sensitive to skin traction over a distance of more than 10 cm. T2: rapidly adapting, high threshold. T3: slowly adapting, lowest threshold among T afferents for a light touch with no movement along the skin. T4: slowly adapting, lowest threshold among T afferents for a light touch with a movement component parallel to the skin surface. The T1 to T4 afferent receptors are the PC, RA, SAI and SAII receptors respectively. The correspondence is not safe. 3. With nerve fibre diameter distribution histograms (morph), myelinated fibre numbers, conduction velocity distribution histograms (electro) and Ap occurrence patterns, innervations were determined. With estimated dermatome areas, innervation densities i of skin dermatomes were calculated for nerve fibre diameters larger than 5 microns: i(electro, morph; Co) = (0.6T0 + 1.2T1 + 2.8T2 + 2.4T3 + 1.2T4 + 1.6P)/cm2, i(morph; S4) = (0.4T0 + 1T1 + 0.8T2 + 1.1T3 + 0.5T4)/cm2, i(electro; S4) = 0.4T0 + 2.3T1 + 2.1T2 + 2T3 + 1.5T4)cm2, i(morph; T9) (lateral)) = (0.8 (T0 or hair follicle) + 1.7T1 + 0.9T2 + 0.7T3 + 0.4T4)/cm2. 4. Innervation densities of mucosal afferent units M of urethra, trigonum vesicae and anal canal through S3 and S4 roots had the following lower limits: i(electro; urethra + trigonum) = 2 M/cm2, i(electro; anal canal) = 3 M/cm2. The innervation density of skin like receptors of the anal canal through an S4 ventral root was with i(electro; anal canal) = (0.5T0 + 2.4T1 + 1.6T2 + 1.2T3 + 0.8T4)/cm2 at least as high as the innervation density of the S4 dermatome. The urethra possesses no skin like receptors in the mucosa. Mechanoreceptor afferents of the mucosa (M) of urethra and anal canal had thresholds similar to those of T3 and T4 afferents. 5. The two point discrimination of a volunteer was for a light touch 30 mm in the S3 and S4 dermatomes and reduced to 25 mm with faster and stronger touch. In the direction of the anus and the os coccygeum the two point discrimination reduced to 25 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology.Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol.1992 Jun;32(6):259-85.
1. Single fiber action potentials (Ap's) were recorded with 2 pairs of wire electrodes from a coccygeal nerve root. Simultaneous impulse patterns of 3T0 + 6T1 + 3T2 + 11T3 + 5T4 and 4P single skin afferent units were separated by their different Ap wave forms and conduction velocities. For a rapid t
PMID 1623843

Japanese Journal

膀胱マラコプラキーの1例

佐々木寿 [他],外野正己
日本泌尿器科學會雜誌 57(2), 203-212, 1966
… Cystoscopic finding at the second examination: (Fig. 1) The whole of the mucous membrane of the bladder with the exception of the trigonum vesicae was strewn with canary yellow plaques, which varied in size from rounded or ovals. …
NAID 110003050688

112 家畜の膀胱三角切開手術に関する研究 : II. 犬、山羊の膀胱三角切解手術について

中村洋吉,広瀬恒夫
日本獸醫學雜誌 23(supple), 442-443, 1961-12-25
NAID 110003984090

人膀胱の知覚神経支配に関する補遺的研究

山口大平
Archivum histologicum japonicum 19(4), 667-684, 1960
人膀胱特に膀胱三角周辺並びに内尿道口附近には上皮下及び上皮内知覚終末が多量に証明される. 上皮下終末は分岐性終末と小体様終末とに大別され, 前者には更に微細線維で構成されるものと太い線維から成るものとある.微細線維性分岐性終末は一般に単純型を示し, その終末枝は固有膜の表層のみならず深層内に広く拡散して終るが, その太さの変化も迂曲走行も余り著明にされない.太い終末枝から成る分岐性終末は太い幹線維 …
NAID 130003880296