transducer

• n.

• トランスデューサー、変換器、振動子、送受波器

　 　

WordNet

1. an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another
2. a transducer that converts electrical to acoustic energy or vice versa
3. cause transduction (of energy forms)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. [エネルギー]変換器

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/11 00:22:12」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about an engineering device. For the similarly named concept in computer science, see Finite state transducer.

A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.

Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.

Transducer types

Passive

Passive sensors require an external power source to operate, which is called an excitation signal. The signal is modulated by the sensor to produce an output signal. For example, a thermistor does not generate any electrical signal, but by passing an electric current through it, its resistance can be measured by detecting variations in the current and/or voltage across the thermistor.

Active

Active sensors generate electric signals in response to an external stimulus without the need of an additional energy source. Such examples are a photodiode, and a piezoelectric sensor, thermocouple. This sensor are use in different application such as load cell.

Sensors

A sensor is a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus. Transducer is the other term that is sometimes interchangeably used instead of the term sensor, although there are subtle differences. A transducer is a term that can be used for the definition of many devices such as sensors, actuators, or transistors.

Actuators

An actuator is a device that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, which can be mechanical force, electrical current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion. An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or any other input.

Bidirectional

Bidirectional transducers convert physical phenomena to electrical signals and also convert electrical signals into physical phenomena. Examples of inherently bidirectional transducers are antennae, which can convert conducted electrical signals to or from propagating electromagnetic waves, and voice coils, which convert electrical signals into sound (when used in a loudspeaker) or sound into electrical signals (when used in a microphone). Likewise, DC electric motors may be used to generate electrical power if the motor shaft is turned by an external torque.

Ideal characteristics

• High dynamic range
• High repeatability
• Low noise
• Low hysteresis

Applications

Transducers are used in electronic communications systems to convert signals of various physical forms to electronic signals, and vice versa. In this example, the first transducer could be a microphone, and the second transducer could be a speaker.

• Electromagnetic:
  • Antennae – converts propagating electromagnetic waves to and from conducted electrical signals
  • magnetic cartridges – converts relative physical motion to and from electrical signals
  • Tape head, disk read-and-write heads – converts magnetic fields on a magnetic medium to and from electrical signals
  • Hall effect sensors – converts a magnetic field level into an electrical signal
• Electrochemical:
  • pH probes
  • Electro-galvanic fuel cells
  • Hydrogen sensors
• Electromechanical (electromechanical output devices are generically called actuators):
  • Accelerometers
  • Air flow sensors
  • Electroactive polymers
  • Rotary motors, linear motors
  • Galvanometers
  • Linear variable differential transformers or rotary variably differential transformers
  • Load cells – converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain gauges
  • Microelectromechanical systems
  • Potentiometers (when used for measuring position)
  • Pressure sensors
  • String potentiometers
  • Tactile sensors
  • Vibration powered generators
• Electroacoustic:
  • Loudspeakers, earphones – converts electrical signals into sound (amplified signal → magnetic field → motion → air pressure)
  • Microphones – converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → electrical signal)
  • Pickup (music technology) – converts motion of metal strings into an electrical signal (magnetism → electrical signal)
  • Tactile transducers – converts electrical signal into vibration ( electrical signal → vibration)
  • Piezoelectric crystals – converts deformations of solid-state crystals (vibrations) to and from electrical signals
  • Geophones – converts a ground movement (displacement) into voltage (vibrations → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → signal)
  • Gramophone pickups – (air pressure → motion → magnetic field → electrical signal)
  • Hydrophones – converts changes in water pressure into an electrical signal
  • Sonar transponders (water pressure → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → electrical signal)
  • Ultrasonic transceivers, transmitting ultrasound (transduced from electricity) as well as receiving it after sound reflection from target objects, availing for imaging of those objects.
• Electro-optical (Photoelectric):
  • Fluorescent lamps – converts electrical power into incoherent light
  • Incandescent lamps – converts electrical power into incoherent light
  • Light-emitting diodes – converts electrical power into incoherent light
  • Laser diodes – converts electrical power into coherent light
  • Photodiodes, photoresistors, phototransistors, photomultipliers – converts changing light levels into electrical signals
  • Photodetector or photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) – converts changes in light levels into changes in electrical resistance
  • Cathode-ray tubes (CRT) – converts electrical signals into visual signals
• Electrostatic:
  • Electrometers
• Thermoelectric:
  • Resistance temperature detectors (RTD) – converts temperature into an electrical resistance signal
  • Thermocouples – converts relative temperatures of metallic junctions to electrical voltage
  • Thermistors (includes PTC resistor and NTC resistor)
• Radioacoustic:
  • Geiger-Müller tubes – converts incident ionizing radiation to an electrical impulse signal
  • Radio receivers converts electromagnetic transmissions to electrical signals.
  • Radio transmitters converts electrical signals to electromagnetic transmissions.

See also

• Horn analyzer
• List of sensors
• Tactile sensor

References

• Agarwal, Anant. Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits.Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005, p. 43.

External links

• Introduction to Closed Loop Hall Effect Current Transducers
• Federal Standard 1037C, August 7, 1996: transducer
• A sound transducer with a flat flexible diaphragm working with bending waves

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Japanese Journal

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• NAID 40020967967

Related Links

• トランスデューサー - Wikipedia

... 形式に変換する。 スピーカー、ヘッドフォン - 変換器は電気信号を音響の形態に変換 する。 マイクロフォン - 変換器は空気圧を電気信号に変換する。 圧電性結晶（ piezoelectric crystal） - 変換器は圧力を電気的な形式に変換。 Tactile transducer/ Bass shake ...

• What Are Transducers? (with picture)

2 Mar 2013 ... Transducers are electrical devices that transform energy from one form to another . A common example of a transducer is a...

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communication、convey、transduction、transductional、transfer、transmission、transmit