トキソイド
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/06/16 16:12:08」(JST)
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A toxoid is a bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. Thus, when used during vaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. In international medical literature the preparation also is known as anatoxin or anatoxine.[1] There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism.[2]
Toxoids are used as vaccines because they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen since the toxoid markers and toxin markers are preserved. For example, the tetanus toxoid is derived from the tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. [3] The latter causes tetanus and is vaccinated against by the DTaP vaccine. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum and causes the deadly disease botulism. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.
Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by many plasma centers in the United States for the development of highly immune persons for the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (tetanus immune globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)[4]), which has replaced horse serum-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.
References
- ^ anatoxin[dead link]
- ^ "The Preparation And Testing Of Diphtheria Toxoid (Anatoxine-Ramon)" (PDF). aphapublications.org. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed" (PDF). fda.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ http://www.talecris-pi.info/inserts/hypertet.pdf downloaded 2010-05-29
Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, Infection, Inoculation (J07)
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Development |
- Adjuvants
- List of vaccine ingredients
- Mathematical modelling
- Timeline
- Trials
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Classes |
- Conjugate vaccine
- DNA vaccination
- Inactivated vaccine
- Live vector vaccine
- Attenuated vaccine
- Heterologous vaccine
- Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle
- Toxoid
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Administration |
- Global:
- GAVI Alliance
- Policy
- Schedule
- Vaccine injury
- USA:
- ACIP
- Vaccine court
- Vaccines for Children Program
- VAERS
- VSD
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Vaccines |
Bacterial |
- Anthrax
- Brucellosis
- Cholera#
- Diphtheria#
- Hib#
- Leptospirosis
- Lyme disease‡
- Meningococcus#
- Pertussis#
- Plague
- Pneumococcal#
- Q fever
- Tetanus#
- Tuberculosis
- Typhoid#
- Typhus
- combination: DTwP/DTaP
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Viral |
- Adenovirus
- Flu#
- Hantavirus
- Hepatitis A#
- Hepatitis B#
- Hepatitis E
- HPV
- Japanese encephalitis#
- Measles#
- Mumps#
- Polio#
- Rabies#
- Rotavirus#
- Rubella#
- Smallpox
- Tick-borne encephalitis
- Varicella zoster
- Yellow fever#
- combination:
- research:
- Chikungunya
- Cytomegalovirus
- Dengue
- Ebola
- Epstein–Barr virus
- Hepatitis C
- HIV
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Protozoan |
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Helminthiasis |
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Other |
- Cancer vaccines
- ALVAC-CEA
- Hepatitis B#
- HPV
- NicVAX
- TA-CD
- TA-NIC
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Controversy |
- General
- MMR
- NCVIA
- Pox party
- Thiomersal
- Andrew Wakefield
- Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
- Alternative vaccination schedule
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See also |
- Epidemiology
- Eradication of infectious diseases
- List of vaccine topics
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Structural and antigenic features of the synthetic SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin.
- Khrustaleva TA1, Khrustalev VV2, Barkovsky EV3, Kolodkina VL4, Astapov AA5.
- Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Feb;63(2):235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.07.008. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
- The SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin (residues 508-530) has been synthesized. This fragment forming a protruding beta hairpin has been chosen because it is the less mutable B-cell epitope. Affine chromatography and ELISA show that antibodies from the se
- PMID 25062832
- Canine zona pellucida glycoprotein-3: Up-scaled production, immunization strategy and its outcome on fertility.
- Shrestha A1, Srichandan S2, Minhas V1, Panda AK2, Gupta SK3.
- Vaccine.Vaccine.2015 Jan 1;33(1):133-40. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
- Zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins based contraceptive vaccines have been proposed for the management of wildlife population. In the present study, a fusion protein encompassing promiscuous T cell epitope of tetanus toxoid [TT; amino acid (aa) residues 830-844] followed by a dilysine linker and an ec
- PMID 25448113
- Detecting and preventing reversion to toxicity for a formaldehyde-treated C. difficile toxin B mutant.
- Wang B1, Wang S1, Rustandi RR1, Wang F1, Mensch CD1, Hong L1, Kristopeit A1, Secore S1, Dornadula G1, Kanavage A1, Heinrichs JH1, Mach H1, Blue JT1, Thiriot DS2.
- Vaccine.Vaccine.2015 Jan 1;33(1):252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.032. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
- The toxicity of Clostridium difficile large clostridial toxin B (TcdB) can be reduced by many orders of magnitude by a combination of targeted point mutations. However, a TcdB mutant with five point mutations (referred to herein as mTcdB) still has residual toxicity that can be detected in cell-base
- PMID 24951860
Japanese Journal
- 肥育牛の牛コクシジウム症に起因する出血性腸炎の複合感染の影響とクロストリジウム5種混合トキソイドワクチン接種効果の検討
- 宮島 吉範,杉山 友人,竹内 基貴 [他]
- 家畜診療 = Journal of livestock medicine 60(10), 605-611, 2013-10
- NAID 40019822798
- Large-scale preparation of Shiga toxin 2 in Escherichia coli for toxoid vaccine antigen production
- Arimitsu Hideyuki,Sasaki Keiko,Shimizu Takeshi [他]
- Microbiology and immunology 57(1), 38-45, 2013-01
- NAID 40019554365
- Effects of Simultaneous Immunization of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine and Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine on Anti-Tetanus Potencies in Mice, Guinea Pigs, and Rats
- Fukuda Tadashi,Iwaki Masaaki,Komiya Takako,Shibayama Keigo,Takahashi Motohide,Nakashima Hideki
- Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 66(1), 41-45, 2013
- … Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine conjugated with tetanus toxoid (HibT) was licensed for use in childhood immunization in Japan in 2007. …
- NAID 130003381639
Related Links
- toxoid [tok´soid] a toxin treated by heat or chemical agent to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its ability to combine with or stimulate the formation of antitoxin. diphtheria toxoid a sterile preparation of formaldehyde ...
- トキソイド【toxoid】とは。意味や解説、類語。細菌などがつくる毒素や蛇毒などをホルマリンで処理し、毒性を除いて抗原性だけを残したもの。ジフテリアや破傷風、ハブにかまれたときの毒の予防などに用いる。アナトキシン。
Related Pictures
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★リンクテーブル★
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- 英
- toxoid
- 同
- アナトキシン anatoxin、類毒素
- 関
- 毒素、抗毒素製剤、ジフテリアトキソイド、破傷風トキソイド、不活化ワクチン、ワクチン
- 細菌の産生するタンパク質性の菌体外毒素を免疫原性は保持したまま無毒化したもの
- トキソイドを注射すると毒素活性を中和する抗体が産生されるので、予防的に用いられる
- ジフテリアトキソイド
- 破傷風トキソイド
[★]
- 英
- toxoid
- 関
- トキソイド
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ブドウ球菌トキソイド