出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/14 16:58:58」(JST)
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" (see also Etymology). A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.
In many cases, the production of these images is based on the mathematical procedure tomographic reconstruction, such as X-ray computed tomography technically being produced from multiple projectional radiographs. Many different reconstruction algorithms exist. Most algorithms fall into one of two categories: filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR). These procedures give inexact results: they represent a compromise between accuracy and computation time required. FBP demands fewer computational resources, while IR generally produces fewer artifacts (errors in the reconstruction) at a higher computing cost.[1]
Although MRI and ultrasound are transmission methods, they typically do not require movement of the transmitter to acquire data from different directions. In MRI, both projections and higher spatial harmonics are sampled by applying spatially-varying magnetic fields; no moving parts are necessary to generate an image. On the other hand, since ultrasound uses time-of-flight to spatially encode the received signal, it is not strictly a tomographic method and does not require multiple acquisitions at all.
| Name | Source of data | Abbreviation | Year of introduction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atom probe tomography | Atom probe | APT | |
| Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometer[2] | Visible light spectral imaging | CTIS | |
| Computed tomography of chemiluminescence[3][4] | Chemiluminescence Flames | CTC | 2009 |
| Confocal microscopy (Laser scanning confocal microscopy) | Laser scanning confocal microscopy | LSCM | |
| Cryo-electron tomography | Cryo-electron microscopy | Cryo-ET | |
| Electrical capacitance tomography | Electrical capacitance | ECT | |
| Electrical capacitance volume tomography | Electrical capacitance | ECVT | |
| Electrical resistivity tomography | Electrical resistivity | ERT | |
| Electrical impedance tomography | Electrical impedance | EIT | 1984 |
| Electron tomography | Transmission electron microscopy | ET | 1968[5][6] |
| Focal plane tomography | X-ray | 1930s | |
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging | Magnetic resonance | fMRI | 1992 |
| Hydraulic tomography | fluid flow | HT | 2000 |
| Infrared microtomographic imaging[7] | Mid-infrared | 2013 | |
| Laser Ablation Tomography | Laser Ablation & Fluorescent Microscopy | LAT | 2013 |
| Magnetic induction tomography | Magnetic induction | MIT | |
| Magnetic resonance imaging or nuclear magnetic resonance tomography | Nuclear magnetic moment | MRI or MRT | |
| Muon tomography | muons | ||
| Microwave tomography[8] | Microwave (1-10 GHz electromagnetic radiation) | ||
| Neutron tomography | Neutron | ||
| Ocean acoustic tomography | Sonar | ||
| Optical coherence tomography | Interferometry | OCT | |
| Optical diffusion tomography | Absorption of light | ODT | |
| Optical projection tomography | Optical microscope | OPT | |
| Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine | Photoacoustic spectroscopy | PAT | |
| Positron emission tomography | Positron emission | PET | |
| Positron emission tomography - computed tomography | Positron emission & X-ray | PET-CT | |
| Quantum tomography | Quantum state | ||
| Single photon emission computed tomography | Gamma ray | SPECT | |
| Seismic tomography | Seismic waves | ||
| Terahertz tomography | Terahertz radiation | THz-CT | |
| Thermoacoustic imaging | Photoacoustic spectroscopy | TAT | |
| Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography | Ultrasound | UOT | |
| Ultrasound computer tomography | Ultrasound | USCT | |
| Ultrasound transmission tomography | Ultrasound | ||
| X-ray computed tomography | X-ray | CT, CATScan | 1971 |
| Zeeman-Doppler imaging | Zeeman effect |
Some recent advances rely on using simultaneously integrated physical phenomena, e.g. X-rays for both CT and angiography, combined CT/MRI and combined CT/PET.
Discrete tomography and Geometric tomography, on the other hand, are research areas[citation needed] that deal with the reconstruction of objects that are discrete (such as crystals) or homogeneous. They are concerned with reconstruction methods, and as such they are not restricted to any of the particular (experimental) tomography methods listed above.
A new technique called synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) allows for detailed three-dimensional scanning of fossils.[9]
The construction of third-generation synchrotron sources combined with the tremendous improvement of detector technology, data storage and processing capabilities since the 1990s has led to a boost of high-end synchrotron tomography in materials research with a wide range of different applications, e.g. the visualization and quantitative analysis of differently absorbing phases, microporosities, cracks, precipitates or grains in a specimen. Synchrotron radiation is created by accelerating free particles in high vacuum. By the laws of electrodynamics this acceleration leads to the emission of electromagnetic radiation (Jackson, 1975). Linear particle acceleration is one possibility, but apart from the very high electric fields one would need it is more practical to hold the charged particles on a closed trajectory in order to obtain a source of continuous radiation. Magnetic fields are used to force the particles onto the desired orbit and prevent them from flying in a straight line. The radial acceleration associated with the change of direction then generates radiation.[10]
Volume rendering is a set of techniques used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set, typically a 3D scalar field. A typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a for example CT, MRI, or MicroCT scanner. Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice every millimeter) and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or voxel represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel.
To render a 2D projection of the 3D data set, one first needs to define a camera in space relative to the volume. Also, one needs to define the opacity and color of every voxel. This is usually defined using an RGBA (for red, green, blue, alpha) transfer function that defines the RGBA value for every possible voxel value.
For example, a volume may be viewed by extracting isosurfaces (surfaces of equal values) from the volume and rendering them as polygonal meshes or by rendering the volume directly as a block of data. The marching cubes algorithm is a common technique for extracting an isosurface from volume data. Direct volume rendering is a computationally intensive task that may be performed in several ways.
Focal plane tomography was developed in the 1930s by the radiologist Alessandro Vallebona, and proved useful in reducing the problem of superimposition of structures in projectional radiography. In a 1953 article in the medical journal Chest, B. Pollak of the Fort William Sanatorium described the use of planography, another term for tomography.[11] Focal plane tomography remained the conventional form of tomography until being largely replaced by mainly computed tomography the late-1970s.[12] Focal plane tomography uses the fact that the focal plane appear sharper, while structures in other planes appear blurred. By moving an X-ray source and the film in opposite directions during the exposure, and modifying the direction and extent of the movement, operators can select different focal planes which contain the structures of interest.
Media related to Tomography at Wikimedia Commons
Medical imaging (ICD-9-CM V3 87–88, ICD-10-PCS B, CPT 70010–79999)
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| Ultrasound |
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| Optical laser |
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| Thermography |
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| リンク元 | 「tomographic」「断層撮影機」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「X-ray computed tomography」「computed tomographic colonography」 |