WordNet

ring slowly; "For whom the bell tolls"
a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance)
charge a fee for using; "Toll the bridges into New York City"
eat well
the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance (同)transportation
a paying (taxi) passenger
the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed
an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon
the number of deaths resulting from some particular cause such as an accident or a battle or a natural disaster
a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) (同)bell_ringer, ringer
an area where tollbooths are located

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈鐘が〉(にっくり規則的に繰り返して)鳴る / (ゆっくり規則的に繰り返して)〈鐘〉‘を'鳴らす / 〈鐘が〉…‘を'知らせる / 鐘を鳴らすこと / 鐘の音
(橋・道路などの)『使用[通行]料金』,使用税 / (長距離電話などの)『料金』,サービス料 / 《通例単数形で》(災難などの)被害の程度,犠牲(死傷)負数
〈C〉(乗り物の)『料金』,運賃 / 〈C〉(料金を払って乗る乗客) / 〈U〉食物,料理 / 〈人が〉やっていく / 《古・文》《itを主語にして》〈事が〉運ぶ,成り行く
環状サンゴ礁,環礁
《方向》(1)(到着の意を含めて)…『へ』,に,まで / 《状況の変化》…[のほう]へ;…に[なるまで],その結果…になる / 《適用範囲》(1)《動詞に伴って》『…に対して』,に,へ / (2)《形容詞[句]・[代]名倍に伴って》『…に対して』 / 《程度・範囲》『…[に至る]まで』 / 《時間の終り》『…まで』(till) / 《to one's+『名』の形で》(…が)『…したことに[は]』 / 《比較・対比・割合》『…と比べて』,より,に対して / 《一致・適合》『…に合わせて』,に合って,に応じて / 《目的・意図》『…のために』 / 《運命・境遇》『…に』 / 《所属・関係》『…へ』,に[対して] / 《付加・付着・固執》『…に』 / 《対立・対向》…に[対して] / いつもの状態(位置)に / 停止(閉鎖)の状態に / 活動状態に(へ),仕事に
《名詞的用法》『…すること』 / 《形容詞的用法》『…するための,すべき』 / 《副詞的用法》『…するために』,して,するとは,すれば / 《独立用法》 / 《文全体を修飾する慣用語句》…すれば,してみると,…だが / 短縮文

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/05 20:35:48」(JST)

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Look up toll, tolled, tolling, tolls, or tols in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The word toll has several meanings.

Road transportation infrastructure

"Toll" is sometimes used as a synonym for tariff
- Road pricing
- Toll road, a road for which road usage tolls are charged
- Toll plaza, a facility where tolls are collected, on modern toll roads, tunnels, and bridges
- Toll bridge, a bridge for which road usage tolls are charged
- Toll tunnel, a tunnel for which road usage tolls are charged
- Toll house, a place where road usage tolls are collected
- Electronic toll collection, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically
- High occupancy toll, a toll on single-occupant vehicles using high-occupancy vehicle lanes to reduce traffic congestion
- Shadow toll, payments made by government to the private sector operator of a road based on the number of vehicles using the road
Road toll, the number of deaths caused annually by road accidents

Organisations

Toll Collect, a transportation support company in Germany
Toll Holdings, an Australian transportation company
Toll NZ, a trucking company in New Zealand

Other

Funeral tolling is the slow, solemn ringing of church bells at funerals
Johan Christopher Toll (1743–1817), Swedish statesman and soldier
Toll (gene), encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins
Toll-like receptor, a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system
Toll switching trunk, in telephone communications systems
Toll (telecommunications), refers to connection charges, for instance note Trunk vs. Toll charging and toll-free telephone numbers
Tolling (law), a doctrine which allows for the pausing or delaying of the running of the period of time set forth by a statute of limitations
Toll (sound) is stroke of a bell (noun) or regular strokes of a bell (verb)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
2. 肥満細胞：表面受容体とシグナル伝達 mast cells surface receptors and signal transduction
3. Toll様受容体：疾患および治療における役割 toll like receptors roles in disease and therapy
4. 結核の免疫学 immunology of tuberculosis
5. 分類不能型低ガンマグロブリン血症の病因 pathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency

English Journal

Molecular Characterization and Expression Profile of Partial TLR4 Gene in Association to Mastitis in Crossbred Cattle.

Panigrahi M1, Sharma A, Bhushan B.Author information 1a Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Animal Genetics Division , Izatnagar , Bareilly , India.AbstractCrossbred cattle are more prone to mastitis in comparison to indigenous cattle. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes pathogen ligands, for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from Escherichia coli and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Mutations in TLR4 can compromise the host immune response to certain pathogens, so it may be a potential candidate for marker assisted selection to enhance mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. Hence, in this study role of bovine TLR4 gene in mastitis resistance was investigated by association as well as expression profiling analysis in crossbred cattle. The animals were divided into mastitis affected and unaffected groups on the basis of history of animals and California Mastitis Test (CMT). PCR-SSCP and Sequence analysis revealed three genotypes of coreceptor binding region 1 (CRBR1) fragment of TLR4 gene namely AA, AB, and BB in both groups of cattle. The logistic regression model did not show any significant effect of these genotypes on the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Moreover, in vitro challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with LPS failed to show any association of the genotypes with TLR4 gene expression. In a nutshell, in the present study enough evidence was not found for association of the SNP variants of CRBR1 fragment of TLR4 gene with mastitis susceptibility in crossbred cattle.
Animal biotechnology.Anim Biotechnol.2014 Jul 3;25(3):188-99. doi: 10.1080/10495398.2013.856797.
Crossbred cattle are more prone to mastitis in comparison to indigenous cattle. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes pathogen ligands, for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from Escherichia coli and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Mutations in TLR4 ca
PMID 24669869

Identification of IRAK-4 in grouper (Epinephelus coioides) that impairs MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation.

Li YW1, Mo XB1, Zhou L2, Li X1, Dan XM2, Luo XC3, Li AX4.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China.2College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.3School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.4Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China. Electronic address: lianxing@mail.sysu.edu.cn.AbstractInterleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members are crucial signal transducer in the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R signal pathway, which mediates downstream signal cascades involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we identified an IRAK-4 protein (EcIRAK-4) in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), with an N-terminal death domain, a proST domain, and a central kinase domain, similar to that of other fishes and mammals. A sequence alignment and phylogenic analysis demonstrated that full-length EcIRAK-4 shares a high degree of sequence identity with those of other fishes, especially the roughskin sculpin, and their death domains and kinase domains share greater identity than their proST domains. A conservation analysis indicated that most of the functional sites in mammalian IRAK-4 are conserved in IRAK-4 of the grouper and other fishes, with the exception of the sites of interaction with IRAK-2 and one autophosphorylation site within the activation loop. EcIRAK-4 is broadly expressed in all the tissues examined, with highest expression in the head kidney and liver. After infection with Cryptocaryon irritans, EcIRAK-4 expression was significantly upregulated, especially in the skin, which suggests that this molecule is involved in the host's defense against parasitic infection. Surprisingly, after cotransfection with grouper MyD88, EcIRAK-4 significantly impaired the NF-κB activity induced by MyD88. EcIRAK-4 was uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that although IRAK-4 is evolutionarily conserved between fish and mammals, its signal transduction function is markedly different.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jul;45(1):190-7. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.019. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members are crucial signal transducer in the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R signal pathway, which mediates downstream signal cascades involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we identified an IRAK-4 protein (EcIRAK-4
PMID 24631582

A novel Toll like receptor with two TIR domains (HcToll-2) is involved in regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression of Hyriopsis cumingii.

Ren Q1, Lan JF2, Zhong X3, Song XJ4, Ma F4, Hui KM4, Wang W4, Yu XQ5, Wang JX6.Author information 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China. Electronic address: renqian0402@126.com.2The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.3Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.4Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China.5Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. Electronic address: Yux@umkc.edu.6The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China. Electronic address: jxwang@sdu.edu.cn.AbstractAnimal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in innate immunity. Toll proteins are generally transmembrane proteins. In this study, an atypical Toll-like receptor (HcToll-2) was identified from the triangle-shell pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, which belongs to phylum Mollusca. Unlike the typical Toll like receptors with extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), transmembrane, and intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, HcToll-2 has two homologous TIR domains located at the C-terminal (designated as HcTIR1 and HcTIR2) and lacks a transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HcTIR1 was clustered with TIR of sea anemone Toll, and HcTIR2 was clustered with TIR of Drosophila Toll. HcToll-2 mRNA could be detected in the hepatopancreas and was upregulated after challenge with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Recombinant HcLRR protein with GST tag could bind to bacteria and also to LPS and PGN. Over-expression of both HcTIR1 and HcTIR2 induced drosomycin genes in Drosophila S2 cells. RNAi analysis showed that HcToll-2 was required for the expression of theromacin, which is a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene. This research is the first report of an atypical Toll-like receptor HcToll-2 involved in antibacterial immunity through induction of AMP expression.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jul;45(1):198-208. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Animal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in innate immunity. Toll proteins are generally transmembrane proteins. In this study, an atypical Toll-like receptor (HcToll-2) was identified from the triangle-shell pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, which belongs to phylum Mollusca. Unlike the typical
PMID 24631579

First evidence of independent pseudogenization of Toll-like receptor 5 in passerine birds.

Bainová H1, Králová T2, Bryjová A3, Albrecht T4, Bryja J5, Vinkler M6.Author information 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: bainova@natur.cuni.cz.2Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: kralova.tereza@mail.muni.cz.3Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: bryjova@ivb.cz.4Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: albrecht@ivb.cz.5Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: bryja@brno.cas.cz.6Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: michal.vinkler@natur.cuni.cz.AbstractToll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is a Pattern-recognition receptor responsible for microbial flagellin detection in vertebrates and, hence, recognition of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we report emergence of TLR5 pseudogene in several phylogenetic lineages of passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes). Out of 47 species examined in this study 18 possessed a TLR5 pseudogene. Phylogenetic analysis together with the type of mutation responsible for pseudogenization indicate that TLR5 pseudogene emerged at least seven times independently in passerines. Lack of any functional copy of the gene has been verified based on TLR5 mRNA blood expression in four species representing the four main passerine lineages possessing the TLR5 pseudogene. Our results suggest that the non-functional TLR5 variant is fixed in those lineages or, at least, that individuals homozygote in the TLR5 pseudogene are frequent in the investigated species. Further research is needed to assess the impact of the TLR5 loss on immunological performance in birds.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jul;45(1):151-5. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.010. Epub 2014 Mar 6.
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is a Pattern-recognition receptor responsible for microbial flagellin detection in vertebrates and, hence, recognition of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we report emergence of TLR5 pseudogene in several phylogenetic lineages of passerine birds (Aves: Passeriform
PMID 24613703

Japanese Journal

Suppression of experimental arthritis with self-assembling glycol-split heparin nanoparticles via inhibition of TLR4-NF-κB signaling.

Babazada Hasan,Yamashita Fumiyoshi,Hashida Mitsuru
Journal of controlled release 194, 295-300, 2014-11-28
… It has been recently shown that Toll-like receptor4 mediated nuclear factor κB (TLR4-NF-κB) signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in arthritic synovium. …
NAID 120005512274

Self-assembling lipid modified glycol-split heparin nanoparticles suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through TLR4-NF-κB signaling.

Babazada Hasan,Yamashita Fumiyoshi,Yanamoto Shinya,Hashida Mitsuru
Journal of controlled release 194, 332-340, 2014-11-28
… In the present investigation, we found that heparin nanoparticles are selective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) antagonists and have a much greater anti-inflammatory effect than native heparin. …
NAID 120005512273