WordNet

grow in a special preparation; "the biologist grows microorganisms"
(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
the raising of plants or animals; "the culture of oysters"
a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; "the developing drug culture"; "the reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture"
the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group
a soft thin (usually translucent) paper (同)tissue_paper
part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『教養』;修養;教化 / 〈C〉〈U〉『文化』(主として精神面をさし,生活・習慣・物の考え方などを含む)Greek cultureギリシア文化 / 〈U〉(…の)『耕作』;『栽培』,養殖,培養《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(生物体の)『組織』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『薄織物』 / 〈U〉〈C〉水を吸収する柔らかな薄紙 / 〈C〉カーボンコピー用薄紙 / 〈C〉《a ~》(…を)織り交ぜて作ったもの《+of+名》 / =tissue paper
教養のある,洗練された,上品な / 栽培(養殖)された

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/06 22:07:13」(JST)

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Flasks containing tissue culture growth medium which provides nourishment to growing cells.

Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows, M.D.^[1]

Historical usage

In 1885 Wilhelm Roux removed a section of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.^[2] In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to replace a small distance of a urethra, which led to the understanding that the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than 1 cm. ^[3]

Modern usage

Cultured cells growing in growth medium

In modern usage, tissue culture generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a multicellular organism in vitro. These cells may be cells isolated from a donor organism, primary cells, or an immortalised cell line. The cells are bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential nutrients and energy sources necessary for the cells' survival. ^[4]The term tissue culture is often used interchangeably with cell culture

The literal meaning of tissue culture refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e. explant culture.

Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an in vitro model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed.

Plant tissue culture in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium^[5]

References

^ Carrel, Alexis and Montrose T. Burrows “Cultivation of Tissues in Vitro and its Technique”; Journal of Experimental Medicine 13 (1911: 387-96)
^ Steinhardt, E; Israeli, C; and Lambert, R.A. (1913) "Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia" J. Inf Dis. 13, 294–300
^ TEDTalks. (2010, January 21). Anthony Atala on growing organs [video file]. Retrieved May 15, 2011 from (http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atala_growing_organs_ engineering_tissue.html).^{[dead link]}
^ Martin, Bernice M. "Routine Cell Culture." Tissue Culture Techniques: An Introduction. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1994. 29-30. Print.
^ Reece, Jane B., Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. "Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology." Campbell Biology. 9th ed. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2011. 860. Print.

External links

www.research.umbc.edu/~jwolf/method5.htm - how-to guide for biology students
Plant Tissue Culture - way to "xerox" a plant
CELOS - a division of CELOS (Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname)
Cell Culture Basics - Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training

UpToDate Contents

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1. 熱傷に起因する敗血症の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of burn wound sepsis
2. 人工関節感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections
3. 壊死性軟部組織感染症 necrotizing soft tissue infections
4. トキソプラズマ感染に対する診断的評価 diagnostic assays for toxoplasmosis infection
5. 先天性代謝異常：個々の障害の発見 inborn errors of metabolism identifying the specific disorder

English Journal

Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody that recognises the chicken CSF1 receptor and confirms that expression is restricted to macrophage-lineage cells.

Garcia-Morales C, Rothwell L, Moffat L, Garceau V, Balic A, Sang HM, Kaiser P, Hume DA.SourceThe Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Feb;42(2):278-85. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.011. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
Macrophages contribute to innate and acquired immunity as well as many aspects of homeostasis and development. Studies of macrophage biology and function in birds have been hampered by a lack of definitive cell surface markers. As in mammals, avian macrophages proliferate and differentiate in respon
PMID 24084378

Biosynthetic support based on dendritic poly(L-lysine) improves human skin fibroblasts attachment.

Lorion C, Faye C, Maret B, Trimaille T, Régnier T, Sommer P, Debret R.Sourcea LBTI, UMR5305 CNRS Université Lyon 1 , 69367 , Lyon Cedex 7 , France .
Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.J Biomater Sci Polym Ed.2014 Feb;25(2):136-49. doi: 10.1080/09205063.2013.843966. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrigrafts (DGLs) are arborescent biosynthetic polymers of regular and controlled structures. They have specific properties such as biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity, and their surface density of NH2 functions can be easily modified and therefore appears as a powerful to
PMID 24116875

3D organotypic HepaRG cultures as in vitro model for acute and repeated dose toxicity studies.

Mueller D, Krämer L, Hoffmann E, Klein S, Noor F.SourceBiochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Campus A1 5, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.Toxicol In Vitro.2014 Feb;28(1):104-12. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.024. Epub 2013 Jul 9.
Predictive in vitro models alternative to in vivo animal will have a significant impact in toxicology. Conventional 2D models do not reflect the complexity of a 3D organ resulting in discrepancies between experimental in vitro and in vivo data. Using 3D HepaRG organotypic cultures we tested four dru
PMID 23850736