関: Phleum

WordNet

grasses native to temperate regions (同)genus Phleum
spread out clothes on the grass to let it dry and bleach
narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay
cover with grass (同)grass over
cover with grass; "The owners decided to grass their property"
feed with grass
shoot down, of birds
grass with long cylindrical spikes grown in northern United States and Europe for hay (同)herd''s grass, Phleum pratense
a grass grown for hay
a disciple of Saint Paul who became the leader of the Christian community at Ephesus
German writer of novels and poetry and plays (born 1927) (同)Gunter Grass, Gunter Wilhelm Grass

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《集合的に》『草』;牧草;イネ科の植物 / 〈U〉『草地』;牧草地,芝生 / 〈U〉《俗》マリファナ(marijuana) / 〈C〉《英俗》密告者 / 〈人が〉仕事を離れて休養する / 〈人〉を休ませる,に暇を出す
オオアワガエリ(イネ科の多年生草本)
テモテ(聖パウロの弟子) / (新約聖書の)テモテへの第一(第二)の手紙(聖パウロがテモテに与えた書簡)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/27 16:10:44」(JST)

wiki en

Timothy-grass^[1] (Phleum pratense), is an abundant perennial grass native to most of Europe except for the Mediterranean region. It is also known simply as timothy, or as meadow cat's-tail or common cat's tail.^[2] It is one of the Phleum genus, consisting of about 15 species of annual and perennial grasses.

It is probably named after Timothy Hanson, a U.S. farmer and agriculturalist said to have introduced it from New England to the southern states in the early 18th century.^[3]^[4] Upon his recommendation it became a major source of hay and cattle fodder to British farmers in the mid-18th century.^[5]

Timothy-grass can be confused with Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) and Purple-stem Cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides).

Description

Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret)

The ligule is short and blunt

It grows to 19–59 inches tall, with leaves up to 17 inches long and ½ inch broad. The leaves are hairless,rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown.

It has no stolons or rhizomes, and no auricles.

The flowerhead is 2¾–6 inches long and ¼–½ inches broad, with densely packed spikelets. It flowers from June until September. The stamen are pink.

The ligule is short and blunt.

It grows well in heavy soil, and is noted for its resistance to cold and drought, and thus ability to grow in dry upland or poor sandy soils. In pasture it tends to be overwhelmed by more competitive grasses. After cutting it grows slowly.

Showing bulbous base and brown leaf sheaths

Subspecies

There are two subspecies:

Phleum pratense subsp. pratense. Larger, to 59 inches tall. Widespread.
Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii. Smaller, to 27½ inches tall. Calcareous grassland.

Inflorescence

Cultivation and uses

Timothy-grass was unintentionally introduced to North America by early settlers, and was first described in 1711 by John Hurd from plants growing in New Hampshire. Hurd named the grass "hurd grass" but a farmer named Timothy Hanson began to promote cultivation of it as a hay about 1720, and the grass has been known by its present name since then. Timothy has now become naturalized throughout most of the US and Canada.

It is commonly grown for cattle feed and, in particular, as hay for horses. It is relatively high in fibre, especially when cut late. It is considered a harsh, coarse grass little relished by livestock if cut earlier. It is considered part of the standard mix for grass hay and provides quality nutrition for horses. Timothy hay is a staple food for domestic pet rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, often making up the bulk of their diet. Timothy hay is rich in long fibre and its abrasive texture helps to grind down the teeth, keeping both the teeth and jaw in good order.

The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a foodplant, e.g. the Essex Skipper (Thymelicus lineola), the Marbled White (Melanargia galathea). It also grows in roadsides and abandoned fields but generally requires nutrient-rich soils.

Its pollen is a common allergen; it has recently been used in small amounts as part of a new hay fever vaccine Grazax, which is designed to recondition the body's immune system so it no longer responds to pollen.

Plants persist through the winter. Dead, straw-colored flowering stems may persist, but only for a short time, and are recognized by the distinctive spike-like inflorescence.

Confusion with other species

Close-up of flower head showing hornlike spikelets

It is often confused with Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). Timothy flowers later, from June until August, whereas Meadow Foxtail flowers from April until June. The spikelets of Timothy are twin hornlike projections arranged in cylindrical panicles, whereas foxtail has a soft, single awn.^[6]

Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) spikelet

Purple-stem Cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides) prefers lighter soils and grows on chalk downland.

Mountain Timothy (Phleum alpinum) grows above 6,000 feet.^[7] A "wild Timothy" was found to grow in Yosemite at the time of its discovery but may have been a foxtail.^[8]^[9]

Timothy canary grass (Phalaris angusta), another species with a similar cylindrical panicle, is toxic to livestock.

Seeds

References

^ Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5
^ The Observer's book of grasses, sedge and rushes by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976, ISBN 0 7232 1533 2, published by Frederick Warne and Co Ltd
^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., p. 1310.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. timothy grass.
^ Readers Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, page 430, published 1988
^ bsbi.org.uk; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.
^ Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum
^ Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton (1880). Discovery of Yosemite. p. 245.
^ Scribner, F Lampson, Grasses of Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks in Lazenby, William R. (1889). Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. pp. 68–9.

External links

Flora Europaea: Phleum pratense
Timothy - US Department of Agriculture

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. アレルギー性鼻炎および喘息に対する舌下免疫療法 sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma
2. 口腔アレルギー症候群（花粉‐食物アレルギー症候群）の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of oral allergy syndrome pollen food allergy syndrome
3. 口腔アレルギー症候群（花粉 - 食物アレルギー症候群）の病因 pathogenesis of oral allergy syndrome pollen food allergy syndrome
4. 穀物アレルギー：臨床的特徴、診断、およびマネージメント grain allergy clinical features diagnosis and management
5. SCIT：治療用アレルゲンエキスの調製 scit preparation of allergen extracts for therapeutic use

English Journal

Allelopathy is involved in the formation of pure colonies of the fern Gleichenia japonica.

Kato-Noguchi H, Saito Y, Ohno O, Suenaga K.SourceDepartment of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan. hisashi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Journal of plant physiology.J Plant Physiol.2013 Apr 15;170(6):577-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.015. Epub 2012 Dec 31.
The fern Gleichenia japonica is one of the most widely distributed fern and occurs throughout East to South Asia. The species often dominates plant communities by forming large monospecific colonies. However, the potential mechanism for this domination has not yet been described. The objective of th
PMID 23286996

Introduction of complementary foods in infancy and atopic sensitization at the age of 5 years: timing and food diversity in a Finnish birth cohort.

Nwaru BI, Takkinen HM, Niemelä O, Kaila M, Erkkola M, Ahonen S, Tuomi H, Haapala AM, Kenward MG, Pekkanen J, Lahesmaa R, Kere J, Simell O, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Hyöty H, Knip M, Virtanen SM.SourceSchool of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. bright.nwaru@uta.fi
Allergy.Allergy.2013 Apr;68(4):507-16. doi: 10.1111/all.12118. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
OBJECTIVE: To study the associations between timing and diversity of introduction of complementary foods during infancy and atopic sensitization in 5-year-old children.METHODS: In the Finnish DIPP (type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention) birth cohort (n = 3781), data on the timing of infant feedi
PMID 23510377

Determination of allergen specificity by heavy chains in grass pollen allergen-specific IgE antibodies.

Gadermaier E, Flicker S, Lupinek C, Steinberger P, Valenta R.SourceDivision of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.J Allergy Clin Immunol.2013 Apr;131(4):1185-1193.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.010. Epub 2012 Nov 30.
BACKGROUND: Affinity and clonality of allergen-specific IgE antibodies are important determinants for the magnitude of IgE-mediated allergic inflammation.OBJECTIVE: We sought to analyze the contribution of heavy and light chains of human allergen-specific IgE antibodies for allergen specificity and
PMID 23206656

Japanese Journal

Comparative study of transgenic Brachypodium distachyon expressing sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferases from wheat and timothy grass with different enzymatic properties

Planta 239(4), 783-792, 2014-04-01
NAID 120005537456

Degradation of microcrystalline cellulose and non-pretreated plant biomass by a cell-free extracellular cellulase/hemicellulase system from the extreme thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(1), 64-70, 2013-01
NAID 110009578192

窒素施肥量がチモシー(Phleum pretense L.)の飼料成分とサイレージ発酵に及ぼす影響

日本草地学会誌 56(4), 274-277, 2011-01-15
NAID 110008460667

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Phleum」「チモシー牧草」
関連記事	「grass」

「Phleum」

Timothy-grass
	Habitus, ssp. pratense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Phleum
Species:	P. pratense
Binomial name
	Phleum pratense; L.

　　[★]

アワガエリ属、フレウム属、Phleum属

関: timothy grass

「チモシー牧草」

　　[★]

英: timothy grass
関: アワガエリ属

「grass」

　　[★]

n.

草、イネ科草本

関: Alopecurus、Gramineae、Oryza、Oryza sativa、Poaceae、rice、weed、wort

[1] Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5

[2] The Observer's book of grasses, sedge and rushes by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976, ISBN 0 7232 1533 2, published by Frederick Warne and Co Ltd

[3] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., p. 1310.

[4] Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. timothy grass.

[5] Readers Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, page 430, published 1988

[6] sbi.org.uk; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.

[7] Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum

[8] Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton (1880). Discovery of Yosemite. p. 245.

[9] Scribner, F Lampson, Grasses of Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks in Lazenby, William R. (1889). Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. pp. 68–9.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

timothy grass