WordNet

set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely"
a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didnt have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time"
a suitable moment; "it is time to go"
adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely"
an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time"
regulate or set the time of; "time the clock"
the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" (同)clip
a persons experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together"
assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene"
a series with a definite pattern of advance (同)patterned advance
shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si
make a light, metallic sound; go `ting
a light clear metallic sound as of a small bell (同)tinkle
cause to make a ting

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《冠詞をつけずに》(空間に対しての)『時間』,時 / 〈U〉(時計で示される)『時刻』 / 〈U〉(ある方式で決められる)『時間』,標準時 / 〈C〉〈U〉(特定の)『時』,おり,ころ / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある長さの)『時間』,期間 / 〈U〉(要する)『時間』;暇 / 《しばしば複数形で》(歴史上の)『時代』 / 《複数形で》時勢,景気 / 《one's ~》(個人の)一生;若いころ;生涯の特定の時期 / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある経験をした)『時間』 / 〈C〉『…回』,度 / 〈C〉『…倍』 / …の時間を定める / (…に)…の調子を合わせる《+名+to+名》 / …の時間を計る
《方向》(1)(到着の意を含めて)…『へ』,に,まで / 《状況の変化》…[のほう]へ;…に[なるまで],その結果…になる / 《適用範囲》(1)《動詞に伴って》『…に対して』,に,へ / (2)《形容詞[句]・[代]名倍に伴って》『…に対して』 / 《程度・範囲》『…[に至る]まで』 / 《時間の終り》『…まで』(till) / 《to one's+『名』の形で》(…が)『…したことに[は]』 / 《比較・対比・割合》『…と比べて』,より,に対して / 《一致・適合》『…に合わせて』,に合って,に応じて / 《目的・意図》『…のために』 / 《運命・境遇》『…に』 / 《所属・関係》『…へ』,に[対して] / 《付加・付着・固執》『…に』 / 《対立・対向》…に[対して] / いつもの状態(位置)に / 停止(閉鎖)の状態に / 活動状態に(へ),仕事に
《名詞的用法》『…すること』 / 《形容詞的用法》『…するための,すべき』 / 《副詞的用法》『…するために』,して,するとは,すれば / 《独立用法》 / 《文全体を修飾する慣用語句》…すれば,してみると,…だが / 短縮文
〈U〉前進,進行;進歩,進展 / 〈U〉(でき事などの)連続,連鎖 / 〈C〉数列
シ(全音階の第7音)
…‘を'チリンチリナ(リンリン)と鳴らす / チリンチリン鳴る宴

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/12 03:53:46」(JST)

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Progression-free survival (PFS) is a measure of the activity of a treatment on a disease. It is the time that passes from a certain date (generally the first day of treatment, or the day in which a patient is enrolled in a clinical trial) and the date on which disease "progresses" or the date on which the patient dies, from any cause. PFS can only be measured in patients in which a tumor is present^{[dubious – discuss]} (a similar term that applies to patients that have been successfully operated, and are therefore free from disease, is Disease-Free Survival).

Time to progression (TTP) does not count patients who die from other causes but is otherwise a close equivalent to PFS (unless there are a large number of such events).^[1] The FDA gives separate definitions and prefers PFS.^[2]

PFS is widely used in oncology.^[3] Since (as already said) it only applies to patients with inoperable disease^{[dubious – discuss]} that are generally treated with drugs (chemotherapy, target therapies, etc.) it will mostly be considered in relation to drug treatment of cancer.

A very important aspect is the definition of "progression" since this generally involves imaging techniques (plain radiograms, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, ultrasounds) or other aspects: biochemical progression may be defined on the basis of an increase in a tumor marker (such as CA125 for epithelial ovarian cancer or PSA for prostate cancer). At present any change in the radiological aspect of a lesion is defined according to RECIST criteria. But progression may also be due to the appearance of a new lesion originating from the same tumor or to the appearance of new cancer in the same organ or in a different organ.

Progression-free survival is often used as an alternative to overall survival (OS): this is the most reliable endpoint in clinical studies, but it will only be available after a longer time than PFS. For this reason, especially when new drugs are tested, there is a pressure (that in some cases may be absolutely acceptable while in other cases may hide economical interests) to approve new drugs on the basis of PFS data rather than waiting for OS data.
PFS is considered as a "surrogate" of OS: in some cancers the two elements are strictly related, but in others they are not. Several agents that may prolong PFS do not prolong OS.

Special aspects of PFS

There is an element that makes PFS a questionable endpoint: by definition it refers to the date on which progression is detected, and this means that it depends on which date a radiological evaluation (in most cases) is performed. If for any reason a CT scan is postponed by one week (because the machine is out of order, or the patients feels too bad to go to the hospital) PFS is unduly prolonged.

On the other hand PFS becomes more relevant than OS when in a randomized trial patients than progress while on treatment A are allowed to receive treatment B (these patients may "cross" from one arm of the study to the other). If treatment B is really more effective than treatment A it is probable that the OS of patients will be the same even if PFS may be very different. This happened for example in studies comparing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to standard chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring a mutation in EGF-receptor. Patients started on TKI had a much longer PFS, but since patients that started on chemotherapy were allowed to receive TKI on progression, OS was similar.

The relationship between PFS and OS is altered in any case in which a successive treatment may influence survival. Unfortunately this does not happen very often for second-line treatment of cancer, and even less so for successive treatments.^{[citation needed]}

The advantage of measuring PFS over measuring OS is that PFS appears sooner than deaths, allowing faster trials and oncologists feel that PFS can give them a better idea of how the cancer is progressing during the course of treatment.

Traditionally, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has required studies of OS rather than PFS to demonstrate that a drug is effective against cancer, but recently^[when?] the F.D.A. has accepted PFS. The use of PFS for proof of effectiveness and regulatory approval is controversial.

It is often used as a clinical endpoint in randomized controlled trials for cancer therapies.^[4]

It is a metric frequently used by the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence^[5] and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to evaluate the effectiveness of a cancer treatment. PFS has been postulated to be a better ("more pure") measure of efficacy in second-line clinical trials as it eliminates potential differential bias from prior or subsequent treatments.^{[citation needed]}

However, PFS improvements do not always result in corresponding improvements in overall survival, and the control of the disease may come at the biological expense of side effects from the treatment itself.^[6] This has been described as an example of the McNamara fallacy.^[6]^[7]

References

^ "Progression-free survival and time to progression as primary end points in advanced breast cancer: often used, sometimes loosely defined".
^ "Guidance for Industry Clinical Trial Endpoints for the Approval of Cancer Drugs and Biologics" (PDF).
^ Dancey JE, Dodd LE, Ford R et al. (2009). "Recommendations for the assessment of progression in randomised cancer treatment trials". Eur. J. Cancer 45 (2): 281–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.042. PMID 19097775.
^ "Progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) as surrogate endpoints for median overall survival (mOS) in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Analysis from 34 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of first-line chemotherapy".
^ BMJ 31-Jan-2009 "NICE and the challenge of cancer drugs" p271
^ ^a ^b Booth, Christopher M.; Eisenhauer, Elizabeth A. (2012). "Progression-Free Survival: Meaningful or Simply Measurable?". Journal of Clinical Oncology 30 (10): 1030–1033. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.38.7571.
^ Basler, Michael H. (2009). "Utility of the McNamara fallacy". BMJ 339: b3141. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3141.

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Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes.

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Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Apr;230(4):806-12. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24808.
To evaluate the gene expression changes involved in neoplastic progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Using microarray analysis, large-scale gene expression profile was carried out on HPV16-CIN2, HPV16-CIN3, and normal cervical keratinocytes derived from two HPV16-CIN2, two HPV-CIN3 lesi
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Overexpression of astrocyte-elevated gene-1 is associated with ovarian cancer development and progression.

Zhou B1, Yang J1, Shu B2, Liu K3, Xue L2, Su N2, Liu J2, Xi T1.
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