出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/03/03 13:56:23」(JST)
Tibia(チビア)は、ドイツの会社であるCIPによって運営されているMMORPGである。
Tibiaを運営するための最初のサーバが立ったのは1997年1月7日とされており、商用MMOとして最古の部類に入るウルティマオンラインに並ぶ歴史を持ち、プレイヤー数は35万人とも言われる。旧東ドイツ地域の大学の研究プロジェクトとして発足し、ゲーム内での地名人名地形には様々な小説、音楽、神話、アニメ、映画、ゲームとの関連を見ることが出来る。特に北欧神話とファンタジー小説の指輪物語(ロードオブザリング)に強い影響を受けた剣と魔法の世界観を持つ。プレイヤーの国籍はヨーロッパと北米の大陸地域が中心であるが、近年ではポーランド・ブラジルのプレイヤーが急増している。国別のプレイヤー数の差にインターネット普及率、人口や国民性との明確な関連を見出す事は難しく、これは当初ドイツでそうだったように現実社会とネット社会での口コミでその存在が知られていく為だと思われる。基本プレイが無料であり、性能の低いWINDOWSマシンでも比較的に動作が軽いので、先進国、開発途上国、年齢を越えて様々な国籍のプレイヤーが集まっている。こういった事情から、他のMMO以上に人種、宗教、国家、民族への差別発言は厳しく罰せられる。英語が公式に認定された言語であり、パブリックチャットでそれ以外の言語を使用するとゲームマスター(GM)によりアカウントの停止措置が取られることがある。無料で参加する事ができるが、月々の料金を払いプレミアムアカウントを取得すると不動産賃借、専用エリア、特別な称号と利益を得られる上級職、専用魔法、専用アウトフィット、ギルドの設立、ログイン制限の回避等ゲーム内で様々な恩恵を受けることが出来る
クライアントは2D、BGM、効果音は一切出ない。Windows版とLinux版が存在するが、Linux版のサポートは打ち切られている。ゲームサーバは、ドイツサーバ、アメリカサーバの2種類で1つのサーバの同時接続リミットは1000。尚、日本から接続する場合、アメリカサーバを選択すると回線状況がよいとされる。
用意されている楽しみ方として、狩り、謎解きクエストがある。狩りに関しては、レベルがあり、それにスキルと装備品がプラスされてキャラクターの強さとされる。モンスターを倒して経験値と金を稼ぎ、レベルとスキルを上げ、より良い装備品を揃える。ナイト・パラディン・ドルイド・ソーサラーの四つの職業があり、どれを選択するかによってキャラクターの性格が決まり、死ぬと総経験値の1割と荷物の全てを失う。
Tibia | |
---|---|
|
|
Position of tibia (shown in red) | |
|
|
Cross section of the leg showing the different compartments (latin terminology) | |
Latin | (os) tibia |
Gray's | p.256 |
Articulations | Knee, ankle, superior and inferior tibiofibular joint |
MeSH | Tibia |
TA | A02.5.06.001 |
FMA | FMA:24476 |
The tibia /ˈtɪbiə/ (plural tibiae /ˈtɪbii/ or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found next to the fibula on the medial side of the leg, closer to centre-line. The tibia is connected to the fibula by an interosseous membrane, forming a type of joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the Greek aulos flute, also known as a tibia. It is commonly recognized as the strongest weightbearing bone of the body.[citation needed]
In human anatomy the tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur. As in other vertebrates the tibia is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula, and is a component of the knee and ankle joints.
The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers; one in the shaft and one in each extremity.
The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia also known as shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The tibia is most contracted in the lower third and the distal extremity is smaller than the proximal.
The proximal or upper extremity of the tibia is expanded in the transverse plane with a medial and lateral condyle, which are both flattened in the horizontal plane. The medial condyle is the largest of the two and is better supported over the shaft. The upper surfaces of the condyles articulates with the femur to form the tibiofemoral joint, the weightbearing part of the kneejoint.[1]
The medial and lateral condyle are separated by the intercondylar area, where the cruciate ligaments and the menisci attaches. Here the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle forms the intercondylar eminence. Together with the medial and lateral condyle the intercondylar region forms the tibial plateau, which both articulates with and is anchored to the lower extremity of the femur. The intercondylar eminence divides the intercondylar area into an anterior and posterior part. The anterolateral region of the anterior intercondylar area are perforated by numerous small openings for nutrient arteries.[1] The articular surfaces of both condyles are concave, particularly centrally. The flatter outer margins are in contact with the menisci. The medial condyles superior surface is oval in form and extends laterally onto the side of medial intercondylar tubercle. The lateral condyles superior surface is more circular in form and its medial edge extends onto the side of the lateral intercondylar tubercle. The posterior surface of the medial condyle bears a horizontal groove for part of the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle, whereas the lateral condyle has a circular facet for articulation with the head of fibula.[1] Beneath the condyles is the tibial tuberosity which serves for attachment of the patellar ligament, a continuation of the quadriceps femoris muscle.[1]
The shaft or body of the tibia is triangulate in cross-section and forms three borders: An anterior, medial and lateral or interosseous border. These three borders form three surfaces; the medial, lateral and posterior.[2] The forward flat part of the tibia is called the fibia, often confused with the fibula.[citation needed]
The lower extremity of the tibia is much smaller than the upper extremity and presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong process, the medial malleolus. The lower extremity of the tibia together with the fibula and talus forms the ankle joint.
The tibia derives its arterial blood supply from two sources: A nutrient artery, as the main source, and periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery.[3]
In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side. In the female, it has a slightly oblique direction downward and laterally, to compensate for the greater obliqueness of the femur. Studies are inconclusive, however.[citation needed]
The tibia is a part of four joints; the knee, ankle, superior and inferior tibiofibular joint.
In the knee the tibia forms one of the two articulations with the femur, often referred to as the tibiofemoral components of the knee joint.[4][5] This is the weightbearing part of the knee joint.[2] The tibiofibular joints are the articulations between the tibia and fibula which allows very little movement.[citation needed] The proximal tibiofibular joint is a small plane joint. The joint is formed between the undersurface of the lateral tibial condyle and the head of fibula. The joint capsule is reinforced by anterior and posterior ligament of the head of the fibula.[2] The distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.[2] The part of the ankle joint known as the talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.[6] The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus.[citation needed]
The tibia (a bone in the Human Body) is ossified from three centers : one for the body and one for either extremity. Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities.
The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth at close to 34 weeks gestation; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity; that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year.
The lower epiphysis fuses with the tibial shaft at about the eighteenth, and the upper one fuses about the twentieth year.
Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue-shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial malleolus.
|
|
Muscle | Direction | Attachment[7] |
Tensor fasciae latae muscle | Insertion | Gerdy's tubercle |
Quadriceps femoris muscle | Insertion | Tuberosity of the tibia |
Sartorius muscle | Insertion | Pes anserinus |
Gracilis muscle | Insertion | Pes anserinus |
Semitendinosus muscle | Insertion | Pes anserinus |
Horizontal head of the semimembranosus muscle | Insertion | Medial condyle |
Popliteus muscle | Insertion | Posterior side of the tibia over the soleal line |
Tibialis anterior muscle | Origin | Lateral side of the tibia |
Extensor digitorum longus muscle | Origin | Lateral condyle |
Soleus muscle | Origin | Posterior side of the tibia under the soleal line |
Flexor digitorum longus muscle | Origin | Posterior side of the tibia under the soleal line |
The tibia has been modeled as taking an axial force during walking that is up to 4.7 bodyweight. Its bending moment in the sagittal plane in the late stance phase is up to 71.6 bodyweight times millimetre.[8]
Fractures of the tibia can be divided into those that only involve the tibia; Bumper fracture, Segond fracture, Gosselin fracture, Toddler's fracture, and those including both the tibia and fibula; Trimalleolar fracture, Bimalleolar fracture, Pott's fracture.
In Judaism, the tibia, or shankbone, of a goat is used in the Seder Plate.
This section requires expansion. (December 2013) |
The structure of the tibia in most other tetrapods is essentially similar to that in humans. The tuberosity of the tibia, a crest to which the patellar ligament attaches in mammals, is instead the point for the tendon of the quadriceps muscle in reptiles, birds, and amphibians, which have no patella.[9]
Position of tibia (shown in red). Animation.
Position and shape of tibia (shown in red).
Shape of tibia (right).
Knee diagram
Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface.
Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface.
Right knee-joint. Posterior view.
Right knee-joint, from the front, showing interior ligaments.
Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.
Sagittal section of right knee-joint.
Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect.
Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
Capsule of left articulation (distended). Lateral aspect.
Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.
Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
Cross-section through middle of leg.
Cross section of tibia showing interior.
Spiral fracture of the tibia
A lipohemarthrosis due to a subtle tibial plateau fracture
Dorsum of the foot. Deep section.
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Dorsum and sole of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Medial view
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Knee and tibiofibular joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Knee and tibiofibular joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anteromedial view.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anteromedial view.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anteromedial view.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anteromedial view.
Knee, tibiofibular and ankle joints. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view.
Knee, tibiofibular and ankle joints. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view.
Ankle and tarsometarsal joints. Bones of foot. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Bones of foot. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Bones of foot. Deep dissection.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view
Ankle and tarsometatarsal joint. Deep dissection.Anterior view
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Knee joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see anatomical terminology.
This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.
|accessdate=
requires |url=
(help)|accessdate=
requires |url=
(help)|accessdate=
requires |url=
(help)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibia. |
Look up Tibia or shinbone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
リンク元 | 「脛骨」「shank」「tibialis」「tibiae」 |
拡張検索 | 「tibial」「tibial tuberosity advancement」「anterior transfer of tibial tuberosity」 |
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
.