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(血液,リンパ液中の)小球,血球 / 微粒子

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/24 15:53:53」(JST)

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Hassall's corpuscles (or thymic corpuscles (bodies)) are structures found in the medulla of the human thymus, formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They vary in size with diameters from 20 to more than 100μm, and tend to grow larger with age.^[1]They can be spherical or ovoid and their epithelial cells contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic fibres.^[2]Later studies indicate that Hassall's corpuscles differentiate from medullary thymic epithelial cells after they lose autoimmune regulator (AIRE) expression.^[3] They are named for Arthur Hill Hassall, who discovered them in 1846.^[4]^[5]

The function of Hassall's corpuscles is currently unclear, and the absence of this structure in the murine thymus has restricted mechanistic dissection. It is known that Hassall's corpuscles are a potent source of the cytokine TSLP. In vitro, TSLP directs the maturation of dendritic cells, and increases the ability of dendritic cells to convert naive thymocytes to a Foxp3+ regulatory T cell lineage.^[6]^[7] It is unknown if this is the physiological function of Hassall's corpuscles in vivo.

Research into the systemic organization of Hassall’s corpuscles in the thymus of first-year children has determined that the corpuscles' main cells are two types of cells that differ from each other in origin, texture, function, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features. The composition and number of accessory cells in Hassall’s corpuscles depends on their stage of development. The main systemic factor of corpuscle organization is the process of synthesis, mobilization, and transduction of tissue-specific autoantigens for immune tolerance induction.^[8]

In the past decade, researchers found tissue-specific self-antigens in Hassall's corpuscles and revealed their role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroiditis, Goodpasture's syndrome, and others. They also discovered that Hassall's corpuscles synthesize chemokines affecting different cell populations in thymic medulla. Despite this, the information on the relationship between Hassall's corpuscles with other cell types of thymic medulla (dendritic, myoid, neuroendocrine cells, thymocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, etc.) remains insufficient and often contradictory. Mechanisms of these relationships and their functional significance are still unclear. The lack of such data does not allow a systemic view of the differentiation processes in the thymus.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Geneser, Finn (1999). Histologi. Munksgaard Danmark. ISBN 87-628-0137-6.
^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
^ Xiaoping Wang et al., 2012: Post-Aire maturation of thymic medullary epithelial cells involves selective expression of keratinocyte-specific autoantigens, Front. Immunol., 05 March 2012 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00019, PMID 22448160
^ Louis Kater: A Note on Hassall’s Corpuscles. Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology Volume 2, 1973, pp. 101-109.
^ Hassall, A. H., 1846. Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body in Health and Disease, Highly, London.
^ * Watanabe N, Wang Y, Lee H, Ito T, Wang Y, Cao W, Liu Y (2005). "Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus.". Nature 436 (7054): 1181–5. doi:10.1038/nature03886. PMID 16121185.
^ "Old mystery solved, revealing origin of regulatory T cells that 'police' and protect the body"
^ Beloveshkin, Andrei (2014). Systemic organization of Hassall’s corpuscles. Medisont. ISBN 978-985-7085-22-4.

External links

synd/1912 at Who Named It?
UIUC Histology Subject 1247
Histology at KUMC lymphoid-lymph03 "Hassall's Corpuscles"
Histology image: 61_05 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Thymus"
Histology image: 07407loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Lymphoid Tissues and Organs: thymus, Hassall's corpuscles"
Beloveshkin, A. G. (2014). Systemic organization of Hassall’s corpuscles.

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English Journal

Cholinergic epithelial cell with chemosensory traits in murine thymic medulla.

Panneck AR1, Rafiq A, Schütz B, Soultanova A, Deckmann K, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Weihe E, Krasteva-Christ G, Grau V, del Rey A, Kummer W.
Cell and tissue research.Cell Tissue Res.2014 Dec;358(3):737-48. doi: 10.1007/s00441-014-2002-x. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
Specialized epithelial cells with a tuft of apical microvilli ("brush cells") sense luminal content and initiate protective reflexes in response to potentially harmful substances. They utilize the canonical taste transduction cascade to detect "bitter" substances such as bacterial quorum-sensing mol
PMID 25300645

Increased number of Hassall's corpuscles in myasthenia gravis patients with thymic hyperplasia.

Matsui N1, Ohigashi I2, Tanaka K3, Sakata M2, Furukawa T3, Nakagawa Y4, Kondo K5, Kitagawa T6, Yamashita S7, Nomura Y8, Takahama Y2, Kaji R3.
Journal of neuroimmunology.J Neuroimmunol.2014 Apr 15;269(1-2):56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.011. Epub 2014 Jan 28.
The thymus is implicated as an organ that contributes to autoimmunity in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. Hassall's corpuscles (HCs) are assumed to represent the terminally differentiated stage of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). By using multicolor immunohistofluorescence analysis, we exa
PMID 24556356

Japanese Journal

Localization of Estrogen Receptor in the Central Lymphoid Organs of Chickens during the Late Stage of Embryogenesis

KATAYAMA Masafumi,FUKUDA Tomokazu,NARABARA Kiyoaki,ABE Asaki,KONDO Yasuhiro
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(11), 2003-2007, 2012
… Intense expression of estrogen receptors was detected in thymic and bursal lymphocytes. … Furthermore, intense expression of the estrogen receptor was also confirmed in thymic Hassall's corpuscles, bursal follicle-associated epithelial cells, and the bursal interfollicular epithelium. … Our results indicate that estrogen affects the differentiation of thymic and bursal lymphocytes, suggesting that the underlying role for estrogen in immune function. …
NAID 130004137837

Cysts in Human Thymus:Maturational Forms of Hassal's Corpuscles?

Ö:RS Ü:lken,DAGDEVIREN Attila,KAYMAZ F Figen,MÜ:FTÜ:OGLU Sevda F
Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 76(1), 61-69, 1999
… The lympho-epithelial content of the cysts clearly reflected the structural features and antigenic profile of thymic cortical parenchyma in both elongated and ovo-spherical cysts. …
NAID 130004650510