関: larva、larvae、maggot

WordNet

a larval frog or toad (同)polliwog, pollywog
the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose
the larva of the housefly and blowfly commonly found in decaying organic matter
free-swimming larva of ascidians; they have a tail like a tadpole that contains the notochord
a kind of branchiopod crustacean
shaped in the form of a tadpole

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オタマジャクシ
(昆虫の)幼虫(青虫など) / (動物の)幼生(オタマジャクシなど)
ウジ(ハエなどの幼虫)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/20 16:19:36」(JST)

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Tadpoles

A tadpole (also called pollywog or porwigle in British English) is the larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad. They are usually wholly aquatic, though some species have tadpoles that are terrestrial.

General description

Metamorphosis of Bufo bufo.

Tadpole stage of Haswell's frog

Juvenile frog in transition between tadpole and frog

Tadpoles are young amphibians that usually live in the water, though a few tadpoles are semi-terrestrial (Indirana beddomii and Thoropa miliaris) and terrestrial (Indirana semipalmata and Leptodactylus andreae).^[1] During the tadpole stage of the amphibian life cycle, most respire by means of autonomous external or internal gills. They do not usually have arms or legs until the transition to adulthood, and typically have a large, flattened tail with which they swim by lateral undulation, similar to most fish.

Captive common frog tadpoles eating a piece of salmon.

As a tadpole matures, it most commonly metamorphosizes by gradually growing limbs (usually the back legs first, followed by the front legs) and then (most commonly in the case of frogs) outwardly absorbing its tail by apoptosis. Lungs develop around the time of leg development, and tadpoles late in development will often be found near the surface of the water, where they breathe air. During the final stages of external metamorphosis, the tadpole's mouth changes from a small, enclosed mouth at the front of the head to a large mouth the same width as the head. The intestines shorten to accommodate the new diet. Most tadpoles are herbivorous, subsisting on algae and plants. Some species are omnivorous, eating detritus and, when available, smaller tadpoles.

Tadpoles vary greatly in size, both during their development and between species. For example, in a single family, Megophryidae, length of late-stage tadpoles varies between 33 millimetres (1.3 in) and 106 millimetres (4.2 in).^[2] The tadpoles of Pseudis paradoxa grow to 25 centimetres (9.8 in), the largest of any frog.^[3]

Etymology

The name "tadpole" is from Middle English taddepol, made up of the elements tadde, "toad", and pol, "head" (modern English "poll"). Similarly, "polliwog" is from Middle English polwygle, made up of the same pol, "head" and wiglen, "to wiggle".

Fossil record

Despite their soft-bodied nature and lack of mineralised hard parts, fossil tadpoles (around 10 cm in length) have been recovered from Upper Miocene strata.^[4] They are preserved by virtue of biofilms, with more robust structures (the jaw and bones) preserved as a carbon film.^[5] In Miocene fossils from Libros, Spain, the brain case is preserved in calcium carbonate, and the nerve cord in calcium phosphate. Other parts of the tadpoles' bodies exist as organic remains and bacterial biofilms, with sedimentary detritus present in the gut.^[4] Tadpole remains with telltale external gills are also known from several of the Labyrinthodont groups.

Human use

Some tadpoles are used as food. Tadpoles of megophryid frog Oreolalax rhodostigmatus are particularly large, more than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length,^[2] and are collected for human consumption in China.^[6] In India, Clinotarsus curtipes are collected for food,^[7] and in Peru at least Telmatobius mayoloi tadpoles are collected for food and medicine.^[8]

Despite its name, ol-chaeng-ee guksu, Korean tadpole noodles, is a vegetarian dish.^[9]

Mythology and history

According to Sir George Scott in the origin myths of the Wa people in China and Myanmar the first Wa originated from two female ancestors Ya Htawm and Ya Htai who spent their early phase as tadpoles (rairoh) in a lake known as Nawng Hkaeo.^[10]

In the Ancient Egyptian numerals a hieroglyphic representing a tadpole was used to denote the value of 100,000.

References

^ Zug, G. R.; Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P. (2001). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-12-782622-6.
^ ^a ^b Li, Cheng; Xian-Guang Guo; Yue-Zhao Wang (2011). "Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution". Current Zoology 57 (1): 93—100.
^ Crump, Martha L. (2009). "Amphibian diversity and life history" (PDF). Amphibian Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques: 3—19.
^ ^a ^b McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy". Lethaia 43 (3): 290—306. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x.
^ McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2006). Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality (PDF). The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting. The Palaeontological Association.
^ Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu (2004). "Oreolalax rhodostigmatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ Biju, S.D.; Dutta, Sushil and Inger, Robert (2004). "Clinotarsus curtipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
^ Javier Icochea, Edgar Lehr (2004). "Telmatobius mayoloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Rita Brogan (2011). "Nooooooodles! (Korean Style)". The Foodiesan Blog. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Scott, James George, Sir. 1935. The Wa or Lawa: Head-Hunters. In Burma and Beyond. p. 292

External links

Media related to Tadpole at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of tadpole at Wiktionary

Video of Hundreds of Tadpoles
How to Raise Tadpoles
Raising Tadpoles to Adulthood (University of California Berkeley) Archived version.
Mysterious tadpole rain in Japan in June 2009

English Journal

Ventral nerve cord in Phoronopsis harmeri larvae.

Temereva EN.SourceDepartment of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation. temereva@mail.ru.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution.J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol.2012 Jan 15;318(1):26-34. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21437. Epub 2011 Sep 6.
The nervous system organization is considered a phylogenetically important character among metazoans. The phylum Phoronida is included in a supraphyletic taxon known as Lophotrochozoa. Many lophotrochozoans possess a metameric ventral nerve cord as adults or larvae. Phoronids do not exhibit external
PMID 21898789

Unexpected benefit of a social parasite for a key fitness component of its ant host.

Hovestadt T, Thomas JA, Mitesser O, Elmes GW, Schönrogge K.SourceMuséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7179, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France.
The American naturalist.Am Nat.2012 Jan;179(1):110-23. Epub 2011 Dec 1.
Abstract Numerous invertebrates inhabit social insect colonies, including the hoverfly genus Microdon, whose larvae typically live as brood predators. Formica lemani ant colonies apparently endure Microdon mutabilis infections over several years, despite losing a considerable fraction of young, and
PMID 22173464

Japanese Journal

ウナギ仔魚はマリンスノーの起源物質を摂取する

友田努,黒木洋明,岡内正典,鴨志田正晃,今泉均,神保忠雄,野村和晴,古板博文,田中秀樹
日本水産学会誌 81(4), 715-721, 2015
マリンスノーの供給源となる可能性のある餌料生物を培養し，それらの産生物質を含んだ培養水について，ふ化後 5-28 日齢ウナギ仔魚に対する給与効果を観察した。微細藻類 4 種を用いた事例では，10-28 日齢仔魚が藻体とともに増殖過程で産出される透明細胞外重合体粒子（TEP）を摂取することを確認した。一方，尾虫類を用いた事例においても，9 日齢仔魚が発生段階初期の幼生と放棄ハウスを摂取することを確認 …
NAID 130005091917

フォスファゼン塩基を触媒に用いた置換エポキシドのリビング開環重合系の開発

磯野拓也,佐藤悠介,覚知豊次,佐藤敏文
高分子論文集 72(5), 295-305, 2015
本報は，フォスファゼン塩基t-Bu-P4を触媒に用いた置換エポキシドのアニオン開環重合について，重合制御，モノマーの適用性，および特殊構造ポリマー合成の観点からまとめた．t-Bu-P4を触媒にブチレンオキシドの重合を行ったところ，重合は連鎖移動などの副反応なく進行し，分子量分散度の狭いポリブチレンオキシドが得られた．また，動力学的解析などにより本重合系はリビング重合であることが明らかとなった．本重 …
NAID 130005070957

フォスファゼン塩基を触媒に用いた置換エポキシドのリビング開環重合系の開発

磯野拓也,佐藤悠介,覚知豊次,佐藤敏文
高分子論文集 advpub(0), 2015
本報は，フォスファゼン塩基t-Bu-P4を触媒に用いた置換エポキシドのアニオン開環重合について，重合制御，モノマーの適用性，および特殊構造ポリマー合成の観点からまとめた．t-Bu-P4を触媒にブチレンオキシドの重合を行ったところ，重合は連鎖移動などの副反応なく進行し，分子量分散度の狭いポリブチレンオキシドが得られた．また，動力学的解析などにより本重合系はリビング重合であることが明らかとなった．本重 …
NAID 130005061214