WordNet

relating to or typical of a larva; "the larval eye"
immature of its kind; especially being or characteristic of immature insects in the newly hatched wormlike feeding stage; "larval societies"; "larval crayfishes"; "the larval stage"
the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose

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幼虫の
(昆虫の)幼虫(青虫など) / (動物の)幼生(オタマジャクシなど)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/25 12:58:24」(JST)

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Larva of Papilio xuthus, butterfly

A larva (plural larvae /ˈlɑrviː/) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.

The larva's appearance is generally very different from the adult form (e.g. caterpillars and butterflies). A larva often has unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form, while their diet might be considerably different.

Larvae are frequently adapted to environments separate from adults. For example, some larvae such as tadpoles live almost exclusively in aquatic environments, but can live outside water as adult frogs. By living in a distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population.

Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form.^{[citation needed]} In some species like barnacles, adults are immobile but their larvae are mobile, and use their mobile larval form to distribute themselves.

Some larvae are dependent on adults to feed them. In many eusocial Hymenoptera species, the larvae are fed by female workers. In R. marginata the males are also capable of feeding larvae but they are much less efficient, spending more time and getting less food to the larvae.^[1]

The larvae of some species (for example, some newts) can become pubescent and do not develop further into the adult form. This is a type of neoteny.

Eurosta solidaginis Goldenrod Gall Fly larva

It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. This could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form may differ more than the adult form from the group's common origin.^{[citation needed]}

Selected types of larvae

Animal	Name of larva
Cnidarians	planula, actinula
Crustacea: Decapoda	zoea
Insecta: Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	caterpillar
Insecta: Beetles	grub
Insecta: Flies, Bees, Wasps	maggot
Insecta: Mosquitoes	wriggler
Certain molluscs, annelids, nemerteans and sipunculids	trochophore
Certain molluscs	veliger
Mollusca: freshwater Bivalvia (mussels)	glochidium
Petromyzontiformes (lamprey)	ammocoete
Fish (generally)	larva
Fish: Anguilliformes (eels)	leptocephalus
Amphibians	tadpole, polliwog
Phoronids	actinotroch
Porifera (sponges)	coeloblastula larvae (= blastula larvae), parenchymula (= parenchymella), amphiblastula
Cycliophora	pandora, chordoid larva
Nemertea	pilidium, Iwata larva, Desor larva
Hemichordata	tornaria
Acanthocephala	acanthor
Ctenophora	cydippid larvae
Deuterostomes	dipleurula (hypothetical larva)
Arthropoda: Xiphosura	euproöps larva ("trilobite larva")
Platyhelminthes	Götte’s larva, Müller's larva, miracidium, oncomiracidium, coracidium
Locifera	Higgins larva
Dicyemida	infusoriform larva
Brachiopoda	lobate larva
Priapula	loricate larva
Crustaceans	nauplius, metanauplius, protozoea, antizoea, pseudozoea, zoea, postlarva, cypris, primary larva, mysis
Arthropoda: †Trilobita	protaspis (unjointed), meraspis (increasing number of joints, but 1 less than the holaspis), holaspis (=adult)^[2]
Arthropoda: Pycnogonida	protonymphon
Urochordata	tadpole (does not feed, technically a "swimming embryo")
Echinodermata	bipinnaria, vitellaria, brachiollaria, pluteus, ophiopluteus, echinopluteus, auricularia
Nematomorpha	nematomorphan larva
Sipuncula	pelagosphera larva
Annelida	nectochaeta, polytroch
Ectoprocta	cyphonautes, vesiculariform larvae
Heterocyemida	Wagener's larva
Nematoda	Dauer larva

References

^ Sen, R; Gadagkar, R (2006). "Males of the social wasp Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity". Animal Behavior 71: 345–350. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.022.
^ Moore, R.C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. O121, O122, O125. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5.

External links

Media related to Larva at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of larva at Wiktionary
Arenas-Mena, C. (2010) Indirect development, transdifferentiation and the macroregulatory evolution of metazoans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Feb 27, 2010 Vol.365 no.1540 653-669

Bibliography

Brusca, R. C., & Brusca, G. J. (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates.

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