関: synthetic fiber

WordNet

systematic combining of root and modifying elements into single words
a compound made artificially by chemical reactions (同)synthetic substance
involving or of the nature of synthesis (combining separate elements to form a coherent whole) as opposed to analysis; "limnology is essentially a synthetic science composed of elements...that extend well beyond the limits of biology"- P.S.Welch (同)synthetical
of a proposition whose truth value is determined by observation or facts; "`all men are arrogant is a synthetic proposition" (同)synthetical
not genuine or natural; "counterfeit rhetoric that flourishes when passions are synthetic"- George Will
tell a relatively insignificant lie; "Fibbing is not acceptable, even if you dont call it lying"
a trivial lie; "he told a fib about eating his spinach"; "how can I stop my child from telling stories?" (同)story, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle

PrepTutorEJDIC

総合の,統合的な / 合成の,人造の / にせの,作りごとの / (言語が)総合的な(統語的関係を表すのに,独立した語より屈折形を広く用いるもの) / 合成品,人造物
(ささいな,罪のない)うそ / 軽いうそをつく
=fiber

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/13 22:37:24」(JST)

wiki en

Synthetic fibers or fibres are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve on naturally occurring animal and plant fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber forming materials through spinnerets into air and water, forming a thread. Before synthetic fibers were developed, artificially manufactured fibers were made from polymers obtained from petro chemicals. These fibers are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Some fibers are manufactured from plant-derived cellulose.

Early experiments

Joseph Swan created the first synthetic fiber.

Joseph Swan invented the first synthetic fiber in the early 1880s.^[1] His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb, but Swan soon realized the potential of the fiber to revolutionise textile manufacturing. In 1885 he unveiled fabrics he had manufactured from his synthetic material at the International Inventions Exhibition in London.^[2]

The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet, a French engineer and industrialist, who invented the first artificial silk, which he called "Chardonnet silk". In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silk worms. Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet's discovery of nitrocellulose as a potential replacement for real silk. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new product,^[3] which he displayed at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.^[4] Unfortunately, Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and was subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials.

Commercial products

Nylon was first synthesized by Wallace Carothers at DuPont.

The first successful process was developed in 1894 by English chemist Charles Frederick Cross, and his collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle. They named the fiber "viscose", because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of xanthate.^[5] The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds Fibers in 1905. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood.^[6]

Nylon, the first synthetic fiber, was developed by Wallace Carothers, an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s. It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II. Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes.

The first polyester fiber was introduced by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson,^[7]^[8] British chemists working at the Calico Printers' Association, in 1941. They produced and patented the first polyester fibre which they named Terylene, also known as Dacron, equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience.^[9] ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of the fibre.

Description

Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers or small molecules. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a long, linear chemical that bond two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing chemical compounds will be used to produce different types of fibers.

Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fiber based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 per cent.^[10]

There are several methods of manufacturing synthetic fibers but the most common is the Melt-Spinning Process. It involves heating the fiber until it begins to melt, then you must draw out the melt with tweezers as quickly as possible. The next step would be to draw the molecules by aligning them in a parallel arrangement. This brings the fibers closer together and allows them to crystallize and orient. Lastly, is Heat-Setting. This utilizes heat to permeate the shape/dimensions of the fabrics made from heat-sensitive fibers.^{[citation needed]}

Advantages

Pick-up different dyes readily.

A great advantage of synthetic fibers is that they are more durable than most natural fibers. In addition, many synthetic fibers offer consumer-friendly functions such as stretching, waterproofing and stain resistance.

Overtime, things like sunlight and oils from human skin cause fibers in various fabrics to break down and wear away. Natural fibers are much more sensitive to these elements than synthetic blends. This is mainly because natural products tend to be biodegradable. In addition, natural fibers often fall prey to moth and carpet beetles, whose larvae feast on things like cotton, wool and silk. Synthetic fibers are not a good food source for these fabric-damaging insects. As an added advantage, synthetic fibers do not break down easily when exposed to light, water, or oil.

Compared to natural fibers, many synthetic fibers are more water resistant and stain resistant. Some are even specially enhanced to withstand damage from water or stains. Some fabrics are also designed to stretch in specific ways, which makes them more comfortable to wear.

In many cases, synthetic fibers are environmental fabric choices. Cotton is incredibly resource intensive, as it takes a lot of water to farm cotton. Wool is not much better, as the sheep that produce wool need water, food and a lot of grazing land in order to survive. Although synthetic fiber production does involve some carbon emissions, the environmental footprint of many fibers is much lower in comparison to natural fibers.

Many synthetic fibers create highly attractive fabrics. Modern synthetic fabrics can look and feel as luxurious as silk or wool.

Disadvantages

A device for spinning Viscose Rayon dating from 1901

Most of synthetic fibers' disadvantages are related to their low melting temperature:

Synthetic fibers burn more readily than natural.
Prone to heat damage. Melt relatively easily.
Prone to damage by hot washing.
More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibres.
Not skin friendly, so it is uncomfortable for long wearing.
Allergic to some people.
Non-biodegradable in comparison to natural fibres.^{[citation needed]}
Do not absorb sweat during summers.

Common synthetic fibers

Common synthetic fibers include:

Nylon (1931)
Modacrylic (1949)
Olefin (1949)
Acrylic (1950)
Polyester (1953)

Specialty synthetic fibers include:

Rayon (1894) artificial silk
Vinyon (1939)
Saran (1941)
Spandex (1959)
Vinalon (1939)
Aramids (1961) - known as Nomex, Kevlar and Twaron
Modal (1960's)
Dyneema/Spectra (1979)
PBI (Polybenzimidazole fiber) (1983)

Sulfar (1983)
Lyocell (1992) (artificial, not synthetic)
PLA (2002)
M-5 (PIPD fiber)
Orlon
Zylon (PBO fiber)
Vectran (TLCP fiber) made from Vectra LCP polymer
Derclon used in manufacture of rugs

^{[citation needed]}

Other synthetic materials used in fibers include:

Acrylonitrile rubber (1930)

Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include:

Glass fiber (1938) is used for:
- industrial, automotive, and home insulation (glass wool)
- reinforcement of composite materials (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete)
- specialty papers in battery separators and filtration
Metallic fiber (1946) is used for:
- adding metallic properties to clothing for the purpose of fashion (usually made with composite plastic and metal foils)
- elimination and prevention of static charge build-up
- conducting electricity to transmit information
- conduction of heat^{[citation needed]}

In the horticulture industry synthetics are often used in soils to help the plants grow better. Examples are:

expanded polystyrene flakes
urea-formaldehyde foam resin
polyurethane foam
phenolic resin foam^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan". Encylopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
^ How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2003. p. 851. ISBN 9780761473145.
^ Garrett, Alfred (1963). The Flash of Genius. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. pp. 48–49.
^ Editors, Time-Life (1991). Inventive Genius. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 52. ISBN 0-8094-7699-1.
^ Day, Lance; Ian McNeil (1998). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 113. ISBN 0415193990.
^ Woodings, Calvin R. "A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres". WOODINGS CONSULTING LTD. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
^ "World of Chemistry". Thomson Gale. 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
^ Allen, P (1967). "Obituary". Chemistry in Britain. |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
^ Frank Greenaway, ‘Whinfield, John Rex (1901–1966)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 20 June 2011
^ Edited by J E McIntyre, Professor Emeritus of Textile Industries, University of Leeds, UK (ed.). Synthetic fibres: Nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin. Woodhead Publishing - Series in Textiles 36. Cambridge.

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English Journal

Nanofibrous nerve conduit-enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration.

Jiang X1, Mi R, Hoke A, Chew SY.Author information 1Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.AbstractFibre structures represent a potential class of materials for the formation of synthetic nerve conduits due to their biomimicking architecture. Although the advantages of fibres in enhancing nerve regeneration have been demonstrated, in vivo evaluation of fibre size effect on nerve regeneration remains limited. In this study, we analyzed the effects of fibre diameter of electrospun conduits on peripheral nerve regeneration across a 15-mm critical defect gap in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. By using an electrospinning technique, fibrous conduits comprised of aligned electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microfibers (981 ± 83 nm, Microfiber) or nanofibers (251 ± 32 nm, Nanofiber) were obtained. At three months post implantation, axons regenerated across the defect gap in all animals that received fibrous conduits. In contrast, complete nerve regeneration was not observed in the control group that received empty, non-porous PCL film conduits (Film). Nanofiber conduits resulted in significantly higher total number of myelinated axons and thicker myelin sheaths compared to Microfiber and Film conduits. Retrograde labeling revealed a significant increase in number of regenerated dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons in the presence of Nanofiber conduits (1.93 ± 0.71 × 10(3) vs. 0.98 ± 0.30 × 10(3) in Microfiber, p < 0.01). In addition, the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were higher and distal motor latency values were lower in the Nanofiber conduit group compared to the Microfiber group. This study demonstrated the impact of fibre size on peripheral nerve regeneration. These results could provide useful insights for future nerve guide designs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.J Tissue Eng Regen Med.2014 May;8(5):377-85. doi: 10.1002/term.1531. Epub 2012 Jun 15.
Fibre structures represent a potential class of materials for the formation of synthetic nerve conduits due to their biomimicking architecture. Although the advantages of fibres in enhancing nerve regeneration have been demonstrated, in vivo evaluation of fibre size effect on nerve regeneration rema
PMID 22700359

Analysis of oestrogenic compounds in dairy products by hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography.

Socas-Rodríguez B1, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ.Author information 1Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n°, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.AbstractIn this work, the potential of a hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction (LPME)-based method has been studied and validated for the extraction of a group of nine oestrogenic compounds four of them being natural (oestriol, 17β-oestradiol, 17α-oestradiol and oestrone), four being synthetic (17α-ethynyloestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol) and one metabolite (2-hydroxyoestradiol) in different dairy products (whole and skimmed natural yogurt, a probiotic yogurt-type drink and cheese). The methodology includes a prior protein precipitation with acidified acetonitrile for all samples and an additional defatting step with n-hexane for cheese, the matrix with the highest fat content. Later separation, determination and quantification were done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and a fluorescence detector set in series. Calibration, sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the method were carried out in the selected matrices, providing good linearity, LODs in the low μg/kg or μg/L range, good precision and appropriate accuracy.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 15;149:319-25. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.066. Epub 2013 Oct 25.
In this work, the potential of a hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction (LPME)-based method has been studied and validated for the extraction of a group of nine oestrogenic compounds four of them being natural (oestriol, 17β-oestradiol, 17α-oestradiol and oestrone), four being synthetic (17α-e
PMID 24295713

Hydrogel-fibre composites with independent control over cell adhesion to gel and fibres as an integral approach towards a biomimetic artificial ECM.

Schulte VA1, Hahn K, Dhanasingh A, Heffels KH, Groll J.Author information 1Interactive Materials Research Institute (DWI eV) and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.AbstractIn the body, cells are surrounded by an interconnected mesh of insoluble, bioactive protein fibres to which they adhere in a well-controlled manner, embedded in a hydrogel-like highly hydrated matrix. True morphological and biochemical mimicry of this so-called extracellular matrix (ECM) remains a challenge but appears decisive for a successful design of biomimetic three-dimensional in vitro cell culture systems. Herein, an approach is presented which describes the fabrication and in vitro assessment of an artificial ECM which contains two major components, i.e. specifically biofunctionalized fibres and a semi-synthetic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, which allows control over cell adhesion towards both components. As proof of principle for the control of cell adhesion, RGD as well-known cell adhesive cue and the control sequence RGE are immobilized in the system. In vitro studies with primary human dermal fibroblasts were conducted to evaluate the specificity of cell adhesion and the potential of the composite system to support cell growth. Finally, one possible application example for guided cell growth is shown by the use of oriented fibres in a hydrogel matrix.
Biofabrication.Biofabrication.2014 Apr 3;6(2):024106. [Epub ahead of print]
In the body, cells are surrounded by an interconnected mesh of insoluble, bioactive protein fibres to which they adhere in a well-controlled manner, embedded in a hydrogel-like highly hydrated matrix. True morphological and biochemical mimicry of this so-called extracellular matrix (ECM) remains a c
PMID 24695400

Japanese Journal

わが国合繊工業の発達

佐古田正昭
繊維学会誌 64(1), 16, 2008-01-10
NAID 10020128439

航走波を受ける感潮河川域の水際におけるヨシ再生技術(<小特集>環境に配慮した工事事例)

後藤克史,清水俊夫,安住欣哉
土と基礎 49(10), 22-24, 2001-10-01
… Soil and the underground stem of reed were packed in box-shaped synthetic-fibre bags and covered with erosion control sheets. …
NAID 110003968933