redirect ストレプトマイセス属

WordNet

aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/07 21:44:44」(JST)

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ストレプトマイセス属（-ぞく、Streptomyces、ストレプトミケス属とも）はグラム陽性細菌に分類される真正細菌の一属。現在、668種 (分類学)と38亜種が知られている^[1]。

特徴

抗生物質の大部分を生産する細菌で、放線菌の多数を占める。主に土壌中に棲息し、中には根菜類に病気を引き起こすものもある。

ゲノムサイズは900万bpで、細菌の中ではかなり大きい。真核生物の出芽酵母（1200万bp）とそれ程変わらない大きさである。

代表的な菌種

ストレプトマイシン生産菌 (S. griseus): 抗生物質ストレプトマイシンの生産菌。タンパク質合成を阻害することによりバクテリアの成長や代謝を停止させる。
カナマイシン生産菌 (S. kanamyceticus): 抗生物質カナマイシンの生産菌。梅沢浜夫らによって発見された。
ダウノマイシン生産菌 (S. peucetius): 制がん剤として用いられるダウノマイシンを生産する。
アクラシノマイシン生産菌 (S. galilaeus): 心毒性が低く、急性白血病、悪性リンパ腫、乳がん他に臨床的に使用されるアクラシノマイシンを生産する。
フェノキサゾン系抗腫瘍性抗生物質生産菌 (S. parvulus) (S. antibioticus): 抗菌作用も強い。

脚注

^ of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(2015年4月25日現在)

参考文献

外部リンク

この項目は、真正細菌（バクテリア）に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／ウィキプロジェクト生物）。

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae.^[1] Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described.^[2] As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are Gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content.^[3] Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin.

Streptomycetes are characterised by a complex secondary metabolism.^[3] They produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin (e.g., neomycin, cypemycin, grisemycin, bottromycins and chloramphenicol).^[4]^[5] The now uncommonly used streptomycin takes its name directly from Streptomyces. Streptomycetes are infrequent pathogens, though infections in humans, such as mycetoma, can be caused by S. somaliensis and S. sudanensis, and in plants can be caused by S. caviscabies, S. acidiscabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. scabies.

Taxonomy

Streptomyces is the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae^[6] and currently covers close to 576 species with the number increasing every year.^[7] Acidophilic and acid-tolerant strains that were initially classified under this genus have later been moved to Kitasatospora (1997) ^[8] and Streptacidiphilus (2003).^[9] Species nomenclature are usually based on their color of hyphae and spores.

Saccharopolyspora erythraea was formerly placed in the present genus, too (as Streptomyces erythraeus).

Morphology

The genus Streptomyces includes aerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that produce well-developed vegetative hyphae (between 0.5-2.0 µm in diameter) with branches. They form a complex substrate mycelium that aids in scavenging organic compounds from their substrates.^[10] Although the mycelia and the aerial hyphae that arise from them are amotile, mobility is achieved by dispersion of spores.^[10] Spore surfaces may be hairy, rugose, smooth, spiny or warty.^[11] In some species, aerial hyphae consist of long, straight filaments, which bear 50 or more spores at more or less regular intervals, arranged in whorls (verticils). Each branch of a verticil produces, at its apex, an umbel, which carries from two to several chains of spherical to ellipsoidal, smooth or rugose spores.^[10] Some strains form short chains of spores on substrate hyphae. Sclerotia-, pycnidia-, sporangia-, and synnemata-like structures are produced by some strains.

Genomics

The complete genome of "S. coelicolor strain A3(2)" was published in 2002.^[12] At the time, the "S. coelicolor" genome was thought to contain the largest number of genes of any bacterium.^[12] The chromosome is 8,667,507 bp long with a GC-content of 72.1%, and is predicted to contain 7,825 protein-encoding genes.^[12] In terms of taxonomy, "S. coelicolor A3(2)" belongs to the species S. violaceoruber, and is not a validly described separate species; "S. coelicolor A3(2)" is not to be mistaken for the actual S. coelicolor (Müller), although it is often referred to as S. coelicolor for convenience.^[13]

The first complete genome sequence of S. avermitilis was completed in 2003.^[14] Each of these genomes forms a chromosome with a linear structure, unlike most bacterial genomes, which exist in the form of circular chromosomes.^[15] The genome sequence of S. scabies, a member of the genus with the ability to cause potato scab disease, has been determined at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. At 10.1 Mbp long and encoding 9,107 provisional genes, it is the largest known Streptomyces genome sequenced, probably due to the large pathogenicity island.^[15]^[16]

Biotechnology

In recent years, biotechnology researchers have begun using Streptomyces species for heterologous expression of proteins. Traditionally, Escherichia coli was the species of choice to express eukaryotic genes, since it was well understood and easy to work with.^[17]^[18] Expression of eukaryotic proteins in E. coli may be problematic. Sometimes, proteins do not fold properly, which may lead to insolubility, deposition in inclusion bodies, and loss of bioactivity of the product.^[19] Though E. coli strains have secretion mechanisms, these are of low efficiency and result in secretion into the periplasmic space, whereas secretion by a Gram-positive bacterium such as a Streptomyces species results in secretion directly into the extracellular medium. In addition, Streptomyces species have more efficient secretion mechanisms than E.coli. The properties of the secretion system is an advantage for industrial production of heterologously expressed protein because it simplifies subsequent purification steps and may increase yield. These properties among others make Streptomyces spp. an attractive alternative to other bacteria such as E. coli and Bacillus subtilis.^[19]

Plant pathogenic bacteria

So far, ten species belonging to this genus have been found to be pathogenic to plants:^[7]

S. scabiei
S. acidiscabies
S. europaeiscabiei
S. luridiscabiei
S. niveiscabiei
S. puniciscabiei
S. reticuliscabiei
S. stelliscabiei
S. turgidiscabies (scab disease in potatoes)
S. ipomoeae (soft rot disease in sweet potatoes)

Medicine

Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus, producing antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs, and also a wide range of other bioactive compounds, such as immunosuppressants.^[20] Almost all of the bioactive compounds produced by Streptomyces are initiated during the time coinciding with the aerial hyphal formation from the substrate mycelium.^[10]

Antifungals

Streptomycetes produce numerous antifungal compounds of medicinal importance, including nystatin (from S. noursei), amphotericin B (from S. nodosus), and natamycin (from S. natalensis).

Antibacterials

Members of the Streptomyces genus are the source for numerous antibacterial pharmaceutical agents; among the most important of these are:

Chloramphenicol (from S. venezuelae)^[21]
Daptomycin (from S. roseosporus)^[22]
Fosfomycin (from S. fradiae)^[23]
Lincomycin (from S. lincolnensis)^[24]
Neomycin (from S. fradiae)^[25]
Nourseothricin^{[citation needed]}
Puromycin (from S. alboniger)^[26]
Streptomycin (from S. griseus)^[27]
Tetracycline (from S. rimosus and S. aureofaciens)^[28]
Oleandomycin (from S. antibioticus)^[29]^[30]^[31]
Tunicamycin (from S. torulosus)^[32]
Mycangimycin (from Streptomyces sp. SPB74 and S. antibioticus)^[33]^[34]^{[verification needed]}
Boromycin (from S. antibioticus)^[35]

Clavulanic acid (from S. clavuligerus) is a drug used in combination with some antibiotics (like amoxicillin) to block and/or weaken some bacterial-resistance mechanisms by irreversible beta-lactamase inhibition. Novel antiinfectives currently being developed include Guadinomine (from Streptomyces sp. K01-0509),^[36] a compound that blocks the Type III secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria.

Antiparasitic drugs

S. avermitilis is responsible for the production of one of the most widely employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations, ivermectin.

Other

Less commonly, streptomycetes produce compounds used in other medical treatments: migrastatin (from S. platensis) and bleomycin (from S. verticillus) are antineoplastic (anticancer) drugs; boromycin (from S. antibioticus) exhibits antiviral activity against the HIV-1 strain of HIV, as well as antibacterial activity.

S. hygroscopicus and S. viridochromogenes produce the natural herbicide bialaphos.

References

^ Kämpfer, Peter (2006). "The Family Streptomycetaceae, Part I: Taxonomy". In Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz; Stackebrandt, Erko. The Prokaryotes. pp. 538–604. doi:10.1007/0-387-30743-5_22. ISBN 978-0-387-25493-7.
^ Euzéby JP (2008). "Genus Streptomyces". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
^ ^a ^b Madigan M, Martinko J, ed. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1. ^{[page needed]}
^ Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA (2000). Practical Streptomyces Genetics (2nd ed.). Norwich, England: John Innes Foundation. ISBN 0-7084-0623-8. ^{[page needed]}
^ Understanding and manipulating antibiotic production in actinomycetes
^ Anderson, AS; Wellington, Elizabeth (2001). "The taxonomy of Streptomyces and related genera". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51 (3): 797–814. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-797.
^ ^a ^b Labeda, D. P. (2010). "Multilocus sequence analysis of phytopathogenic species of the genus Streptomyces". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (10): 2525–31. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028514-0. PMID 21112986.
^ Zhang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Ruan, J. (1997). "A Proposal to Revive the Genus Kitasatospora (Omura, Takahashi, Iwai, and Tanaka 1982)". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 47 (4): 1048–54. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-1048. PMID 9336904.
^ Kim, Seung Bum; Lonsdale, J; Seong, CN; Goodfellow, M (2003). "Streptacidiphilus gen. Nov., acidophilic actinomycetes with wall chemotype I and emendation of the family Streptomycetaceae (Waksman and Henrici (1943)AL) emend. Rainey et al. 1997". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 83 (2): 107–16. doi:10.1023/A:1023397724023. PMID 12785304.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chater, Keith (1984). "Morphological and physiological differentiation in Streptomyces". In Losick, Richard. Microbial development. pp. 89–115. doi:10.1101/087969172.16.89. ISBN 978-0-87969-172-1. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ Dietz, Alma; Mathews, John (1971). "Classification of Streptomyces spore surfaces into five groups". Applied Microbiology 21 (3): 527–533. PMC 377216. PMID 4928607.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bentley, S. D.; Chater, K. F.; Cerdeño-Tárraga, A.-M.; Challis, G. L.; Thomson, N. R.; James, K. D.; Harris, D. E.; Quail, M. A.; Kieser, H.; Harper, D.; Bateman, A.; Brown, S.; Chandra, G.; Chen, C. W.; Collins, M.; Cronin, A.; Fraser, A.; Goble, A.; Hidalgo, J.; Hornsby, T.; Howarth, S.; Huang, C.-H.; Kieser, T.; Larke, L.; Murphy, L.; Oliver, K.; O'Neil, S.; Rabbinowitsch, E.; Rajandream, M.-A.; et al. (2002). "Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)". Nature 417 (6885): 141–7. Bibcode:2002Natur.417..141B. doi:10.1038/417141a. PMID 12000953.
^ Chater, Keith F.; Biró, Sandor; Lee, Kye Joon; Palmer, Tracy; Schrempf, Hildgund (2010). "The complex extracellular biology of Streptomyces". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 34 (2): 171–98. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00206.x. PMID 20088961.
^ Ikeda, Haruo; Ishikawa, Jun; Hanamoto, Akiharu; Shinose, Mayumi; Kikuchi, Hisashi; Shiba, Tadayoshi; Sakaki, Yoshiyuki; Hattori, Masahira; Ōmura, Satoshi (2003). "Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis". Nature Biotechnology 21 (5): 526–31. doi:10.1038/nbt820. PMID 12692562.
^ ^a ^b Paul Dyson (1 January 2011). Streptomyces: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-904455-77-6. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ "Streptomyces scabies". Sanger Institute. Retrieved 2001-02-26.
^ Brawner, Mary; Poste, George; Rosenberg, Martin; Westpheling, Janet (1991). "Streptomyces: A host for heterologous gene expression". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2 (5): 674–81. doi:10.1016/0958-1669(91)90033-2. PMID 1367716.
^ Payne, Gregory F.; Delacruz, Neslihan; Coppella, Steven J. (1990). "Improved production of heterologous protein from Streptomyces lividans". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 33 (4): 395–400. doi:10.1007/BF00176653. PMID 1369282.
^ ^a ^b Binnie, Craig; Douglas Cossar, J.; Stewart, Donald I.H. (1997). "Heterologous biopharmaceutical protein expression in Streptomyces". Trends in Biotechnology 15 (8): 315–20. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01062-7. PMID 9263479.
^ Watve, Milind; Tickoo, Rashmi; Jog, Maithili; Bhole, Bhalachandra (2001). "How many antibiotics are produced by the genus Streptomyces ?". Archives of Microbiology 176 (5): 386–90. doi:10.1007/s002030100345. PMID 11702082.
^ Akagawa, H.; Okanishi, M.; Umezawa, H. (1975). "A Plasmid Involved in Chloramphenicol Production in Streptomyces venezuelae: Evidence from Genetic Mapping". Journal of General Microbiology 90 (2): 336–46. doi:10.1099/00221287-90-2-336. PMID 1194895.
^ Miao, V. (2005). "Daptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces roseosporus: Cloning and analysis of the gene cluster and revision of peptide stereochemistry". Microbiology 151 (5): 1507–23. doi:10.1099/mic.0.27757-0. PMID 15870461.
^ Woodyer, Ryan D.; Shao, Zengyi; Thomas, Paul M.; Kelleher, Neil L.; Blodgett, Joshua A.V.; Metcalf, William W.; Van Der Donk, Wilfred A.; Zhao, Huimin (2006). "Heterologous Production of Fosfomycin and Identification of the Minimal Biosynthetic Gene Cluster". Chemistry & Biology 13 (11): 1171–82. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.007. PMID 17113999.
^ Peschke, Ursula; Schmidt, Heike; Zhang, Hui-Zhan; Piepersberg, Wolfgang (1995). "Molecular characterization of the lincomycin-production gene cluster of Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11". Molecular Microbiology 16 (6): 1137–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02338.x. PMID 8577249.
^ Howard T. Dulmage (March 1953). "The Production of Neomycin by Streptomyces fradiae in Synthetic Media". Applied Microbiology 1 (2): 103–106. PMC 1056872. PMID 13031516.
^ Sankaran, L.; Pogell, B. M. (1975). "Biosynthesis of Puromycin in Streptomyces alboniger: Regulation and Properties of O-Demethylpuromycin O-Methyltransferase". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8 (6): 721–32. doi:10.1128/AAC.8.6.721. PMC 429454. PMID 1211926.
^ Distler, Jürgen; Ebert, Andrea; Mansouri, Kambiz; Pissowotzki, Klaus; Stockmann, Michael; Piepersberg, Wolfgang (1987). "Gene cluster for streptomycin biosynthesis inStreptomyces griseus: Nucleotide sequence of three genes and analysis of transcriptional activity". Nucleic Acids Research 15 (19): 8041–56. doi:10.1093/nar/15.19.8041. PMC 306325. PMID 3118332.
^ Dr. Mark Nelson; Robert A. Greenwald; Wolfgang Hillen; Mark L. Nelson (2001). Tetracyclines in biology, chemistry and medicine. Birkhäuser. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-3-7643-6282-9. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ "What are Streptomycetes?". Hosenkin Lab; Hiroshima-University. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ Swan, David G.; Rodríguez, Ana M.; Vilches, Carmen; Méndez, Carmen; Salas, José A. (1994). "Characterisation of a Streptomyces antibioticus gene encoding a type I polyketide synthase which has an unusual coding sequence". MGG Molecular & General Genetics (Springer-Verlag) 242 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00280426. ISSN 1432-1874.
^ "Finto: MeSH: Streptomyces antibioticus". finto: Finnish Thesaurus and Ontology Service. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ Atta, Houssam M. (January 2015). "Biochemical studies on antibiotic production from Streptomyces sp.: Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties". Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 19 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.12.011. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Oh, Dong-Chan; Scott, Jarrod J.; Currie, Cameron R.; Clardy, Jon (5 February 2009). "Mycangimycin, a Polyene Peroxide from a Mutualist sp.". Organic Letters 11 (3): 633–636. doi:10.1021/ol802709x. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Atta, Houssam M. (2010). "Production, Purification, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities of Antifungal Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces antibioticus, AZ-Z710" (PDF). American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 5 (1): 39. ISSN 1818-6785. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ Chen, Tom S. S.; Chang, Ching-Jer; Floss, Heinz G. (June 1981). "Biosynthesis of boromycin". The Journal of Organic Chemistry 46 (13): 2661. doi:10.1021/jo00326a010. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Holmes, Tracy C.; May, Aaron E.; Zaleta-Rivera, Kathia; Ruby, J. Graham; Skewes-Cox, Peter; Fischbach, Michael A.; Derisi, Joseph L.; Iwatsuki, Masato; o̅Mura, Satoshi; Khosla, Chaitan (2012). "Molecular Insights into the Biosynthesis of Guadinomine: A Type III Secretion System Inhibitor". Journal of the American Chemical Society 134 (42): 17797–806. doi:10.1021/ja308622d. PMC 3483642. PMID 23030602.

External links

Current research on Streptomyces coelicolor at the Norwich Research Park
Some current Streptomyces Research & Methods / Protocols / Resources
S. avermitilis genome homepage (Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences)
S. coelicolor A3(2) genome homepage (Sanger Institute)
Streptomyces.org.uk homepage (John Innes Centre)
StrepDB - the Streptomyces genomes annotation browser
Streptomyces Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Production of DagA and ethanol by sequential utilization of sugars in a mixed-sugar medium simulating microalgal hydrolysate.

Park J1, Hong SK2, Chang YK3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2015 Sep;191:414-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.072. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
A novel two-step fermentation process using a mixed-sugar medium mimicking microalgal hydrolysate has been proposed to avoid glucose repression and thus to maximize substrate utilization efficiency. When DagA, a β-agarase was produced in one step in the mixed-sugar medium by using a recombinant Str
PMID 25777065

Enhancement of the thermostability of Streptomyces kathirae SC-1 tyrosinase by rational design and empirical mutation.

Guo J1, Rao Z2, Yang T1, Man Z1, Xu M1, Zhang X1, Yang ST3.
Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2015 Sep;77:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.002. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
This study aimed to improve the thermostability of a newly cloned tyrosinase from Streptomyces kathirae SC-1. The POPMuSiC algorithm was applied to predict the folding free energy change (ΔDG) of amino acid substitution. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct mutants (Q7K, G234P, and Q7K/G
PMID 26138400

Construction and development of a novel expression system of Streptomyces.

Guan C1, Cui W1, He X1, Hu X1, Xu J2, Du G1, Chen J1, Zhou Z3.
Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2015 Sep;113:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.009. Epub 2015 May 6.
Streptomyces is well known to be an attractive host for producing large amounts of proteins with potent biological activities into the culture supernatant. To expand its expression system, we constructed a novel expression plasmid for gene expression in Streptomyces by inserting the promoter (Ptg) a
PMID 25956536

Japanese Journal

Expression and Substrate Range of Streptomyces Vanillate Demethylase

Nishimura Motohiro,Nishimura Yoshio,Abe Chinatsu [他]
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 37(9), 1564-1568, 2014-09
NAID 40020173431

A NEW DIHYDROOXAZOLE ANTIBIOTIC FROM THE FERMENTATION BROTH OF STREPTOMYCES DJAKARTENSIS

Zhang Ji-Wen,Zhang Wen-Juan,Wei Shao-Peng [他]
Heterocycles : an international journal for reviews and communications in heterocyclic chemistry 89(7), 1656-1661, 2014-07-01
NAID 40020102276

Streptomyces avermitilis NBRC 14893Tから新たに見出したcomplestatinとoxazolomycin類縁体の生合成遺伝子クラスター

小牧久幸,市川夏子,関根光雄 [他]
日本微生物資源学会誌 = Microbiology and culture collections 30(1), 1-11, 2014-06
NAID 40020130405

Related Pictures

streptomyces Streptomyces coelicolor | Flickr - Photo streptomyces - JungleKey.fr Image #50 Streptomyces - MicrobeWiki Streptomyces is a source of antiobiotics - Streptomyces griseus customized gene expression in Streptomyces

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リンク元	「点状角質融解症」
関連記事	「Streptomyces」

「点状角質融解症」

Streptomyces
	Slide culture of a Streptomyces species
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Order:	Actinomycetales
Family:	Streptomycetaceae
Genus:	Streptomyces; Waksman & Henrici 1943
Diversity
	About 550 species
Synonyms
	Streptoverticillium

ストレプトマイセス属
	寒天培地上で増殖するStreptomyces sp.
分類
学名
	Streptomyces; Waksman & Henrici 1943
種
	S. abietis; S. abikoensis; S. aburaviensis; S. abyssalis; S. achromogenes; S. ac. subsp. achromogenes; S. ac. subsp. rubradiris; S. acidiscabies; S. acrimycini; S. aculeolatus; S. afghaniensis; S. africanus; S. alanosinicus; S. albaduncus; S. albiaxialis; S. albidochromogenes; S. albidoflavus; S. albiflaviniger; S. albireticuli; S. albofaciens; S. alboflavus; S. albogriseolus; S. albolongus; S. alboniger; S. albospinus; S. albosporeus; S. albo. subsp. albosporeus; S. albo. subsp. labilomyceticus; S. alboverticillatus; S. albovinaceus; S. alboviridis; S. albulus; S. albus; S. albu. subsp. albus; S. albu. subsp. pathocidicus; S. aldersoniae; S. almquistii; S. alni; S. althioticus; S. amakusaensis; S. ambofaciens; S. aminophilus; S. amritsarensis; S. anandii; S. angustmyceticus; S. anthocyanicus; S. antibioticus; S. antimycoticus; S. anulatus; S. aomiensis; S. arabicus; S. araujoniae; S. ardus; S. arenae; S. argenteolus; S. armeniacus; S. artemisiae; S. ascomycinicus; S. asiaticus; S. asterosporus; S. atacamensis; S. atratus; S. atriruber; S. atroaurantiacus; S. atroolivaceus; S. atrovirens; S. aurantiacus; S. aurantiogriseus; S. auratus; S. aureocirculatus; S. aureofaciens; S. aureorectus; S. aureoversilis; S. aureoverticillatus; S. aureus; S. avellaneus; S. avermectinius; S. avermitilis; S. avicenniae; S. avidinii; S. axinellae; S. azaticus; S. azureus; S. baarnensis; S. bacillaris; S. badius; S. baldaccii; S. baliensis; S. bambergiensis; S. bangladeshensis; S. barkulensis; S. beijiangensis; S. bellus; S. bikiniensis; S. biverticillatus; S. blastmyceticus; S. bluensis; S. bobili; S. bottropensis; S. brasiliensis; S. brevispora; S. bullii; S. bungoensis; S. burgazadensis; S. cacaoi; S. cac. subsp. asoensis; S. cac. subsp. cacaoi; S. caelestis; S. caeruleatus; S. caeruleus; S. calidiresistens; S. californicus; S. calvus; S. canarius; S. candidus; S. canescens; S. cangkringensis; S. caniferus; S. canus; S. capillispiralis; S. capoamus; S. carpaticus; S. carpinensis; S. castelarensis; S. catbensis; S. catenulae; S. caviscabies; S. cavourensis; S. cav. subsp. cavourensis; S. cav. subsp. washingtonensis; S. cellostaticus; S. celluloflavus; S. cellulolyticus; S. cellulosae; S. champavatii; S. chartreusis; S. chattanoogensis; S. cheonanensis; S. chiangmaiensis; S. chibaensis; S. chilikensis; S. chlorus; S. chrestomyceticus; S. chromofuscus; S. chryseus; S. chrysomallus; S. ch. subsp. chrysomallus; S. ch. subsp. fumigatus; S. chumphonensis; S. cinereorectus; S. cinereoruber; S. ci. subsp. cinereoruber; S. ci. subsp. fructofermentans; S. cinereospinus; S. cinereus; S. cinerochromogenes; S. cinnabarinus; S. cinnamonensis; S. cinnamoneus; S. cirratus; S. ciscaucasicus; S. citreofluorescens; S. clavifer; S. clavuligerus; S. coacervatus; S. cochleatus; S. cocklensis; S. coelescens; S. coelicoflavus; S. coelicolor; S. coeruleoflavus; S. coeruleofuscus; S. coeruleoprunus; S. coeruleorubidus; S. coerulescens; S. collinus; S. colombiensis; S. corchorusii; S. costaricanus; S. cremeus; S. crystallinus; S. curacoi; S. cuspidosporus; S. cyaneofuscatus; S. cyaneus; S. cyanoalbus; S. cystargineus; S. daghestanicus; S. daliensis; S. deccanensis; S. decoyicus; S. demainii; S. deserti; S. diastaticus; S. d. subsp. ardesiacus; S. d. subsp. diastaticus; S. diastatochromogenes; S. distallicus; S. djakartensis; S. drozdowiczii; S. durhamensis; S. durmitorensis; S. echinatus; S. echinoruber; S. ederensis; S. ehimensis; S. emeiensis; S. endophyticus; S. endus; S. enissocaesilis; S. erringtonii; S. erumpens; S. erythraeus; S. erythrogriseus; S. eurocidicus; S. europaeiscabiei; S. eurythermus; S. exfoliatus; S. felleus; S. fenghuangensis; S. ferralitis; S. fervens; S. filamentosus; S. fildesensis; S. filipinensis; S. fimbriatus; S. fimicarius; S. finlayi; S. flaveolus; S. flaveus; S. flavidofuscus; S. flavidovirens; S. flaviscleroticus; S. flavofungini; S. flavofuscus; S. flavogriseus; S. flavopersicus; S. flavotricini; S. flavovariabilis; S. flavovirens; S. flavoviridis; S. flocculus; S. floridae; S. fluorescens; S. fradiae; S. fragilis; S. fukangensis; S. fulvissimus; S. fulvorobeus; S. fumanus; S. fumigatiscleroticus; S. galbus; S. galilaeus; S. gancidicus; S. gardneri; S. gelaticus; S. geldanamycininus; S. geysiriensis; S. ghanaensis; S. gibsonii; S. glaucescens; S. glauciniger; S. glaucosporus; S. glaucus; S. globisporus; S. gl. subsp. caucasicus; S. gl. subsp. flavofuscus; S. gl. subsp. globisporus; S. globosus; S. glomeratus; S. glomeroaurantiacus; S. glycovorans; S. gobitricini; S. goshikiensis; S. gougerotii; S. graminearus; S. gramineus; S. graminifolii; S. graminilatus; S. graminisoli; S. graminofaciens; S. griseiniger; S. griseinus; S. griseoaurantiacus; S. griseobrunneus; S. griseocarneus; S. griseochromogenes; S. griseoflavus; S. griseofuscus; S. griseoincarnatus; S. griseoloalbus; S. griseolosporeus; S. griseolus; S. griseoluteus; S. griseomycini; S. griseoplanus; S. griseorubens; S. griseoruber; S. griseorubiginosus; S. griseosporeus; S. griseostramineus; S. griseoverticillatus; S. griseoviridis; S. griseus; S. gr. subsp. alpha; S. gr. subsp. cretosus; S. gr. subsp. griseus; S. gr. subsp. solvifaciens; S. guanduensis; S. gulbargensis; S. hachijoensis; S. hainanensis; S. haliclonae; S. halophytocola; S. halstedii; S. hawaiiensis; S. hebeiensis; S. heilongjiangensis; S. heliomycini; S. helvaticus; S. herbaceus; S. herbaricolor; S. himastatinicus; S. hiroshimensis; S. hirsutus; S. hokutonensis; S. hoynatensis; S. humidus; S. humiferus; S. hyderabadensis; S. hydrogenans; S. hygroscopicus; S. h. subsp. angustmyceticus; S. h. subsp. decoyicus; S. h. subsp. glebosus; S. h. subsp. hygroscopicus; S. h. subsp. ossamyceticus; S. hypolithicus; S. iakyrus; S. iconiensis; S. incanus; S. indiaensis; S. indicus; S. indigoferus; S. indonesiensis; S. intermedius; S. inusitatus; S. ipomoeae; S. iranensis; S. janthinus; S. javensis; S. jietaisiensis; S. jiujiangensis; S. kaempferi; S. kanamyceticus; S. karpasiensis; S. kashimirensis; S. kasugaensis; S. katrae; S. kentuckensis; S. kifunensis; S. kishiwadensis; S. koyangensis; S. kunmingensis; S. kurssanovii; S. labedae; S. laceyi; S. lacticiproducens; S. laculatispora; S. ladakanum; S. lanatus; S. lannensis; S. lateritius; S. laurentii; S. lavendofoliae; S. lavendulae; S. la. subsp. grasserius; S. la. subsp. lavendulae; S. lavenduligriseus; S. lavendulocolor; S. leeuwenhoekii; S. levis; S. libani; S. li. subsp. libani; S. li. subsp. rufus; S. lienomycini; S. lilacinus; S. limosus; S. lincolnensis; S. lipmanii; S. litmocidini; S. lomondensis; S. longisporoflavus; S. longispororuber; S. longisporus; S. longwoodensis; S. lopnurensis; S. lucensis; S. lunalinharesii; S. luridiscabiei; S. luridus; S. lusitanus; S. luteireticuli; S. luteogriseus; S. luteosporeus; S. luteoverticillatus; S. lydicus; S. macrosporus; S. malachitofuscus; S. malachitospinus; S. malaysiensis; S. marinus; S. marokkonensis; S. mashuensis; S. massasporeus; S. matensis; S. mauvecolor; S. mayteni; S. mediocidicus; S. mediolani; S. megasporus; S. melanogenes; S. melanosporofaciens; S. mexicanus; S. michiganensis; S. microflavus; S. milbemycinicus; S. minutiscleroticus; S. mirabilis; S. misakiensis; S. misionensis; S. mobaraensis; S. monomycini; S. mordarskii; S. morookaense; S. muensis; S. murinus; S. mutabilis; S. mutomycini; S. naganishii; S. nanhaiensis; S. nanshensis; S. narbonensis; S. nashvillensis; S. netropsis; S. neyagawaensis; S. niger; S. nigrescens; S. nigrifaciens; S. nitrosporeus; S. niveiscabiei; S. niveoruber; S. niveus; S. noboritoensis; S. nodosus; S. nogalater; S. nojiriensis; S. noursei; S. novaecaesareae; S. ochraceiscleroticus; S. odorifer; S. olivaceiscleroticus; S. olivaceoviridis; S. olivaceus; S. olivochromogenes; S. olivomycini; S. olivoreticuli; S. olivoverticillatus; S. olivoviridis; S. omiyaensis; S. orinoci; S. osmaniensis; S. pactum; S. panacagri; S. panaciradicis; S. paracochleatus; S. paradoxus; S. parvisporogenes; S. parvulus; S. parvus; S. pathocidini; S. paucisporeus; S. peucetius; S. phaeochromogenes; S. phaeofaciens; S. phaeogriseichromatogenes; S. phaeoluteichromatogenes; S. phaeoluteigriseus; S. phaeopurpureus; S. phaeoviridis; S. pharetrae; S. pharmamarensis; S. phosalacineus; S. phytohabitans; S. pilosus; S. platensis; S. plicatus; S. plumbiresistens; S. pluricolorescens; S. pluripotens; S. polyantibioticus; S. polychromogenes; S. poonensis; S. praecox; S. prasinopilosus; S. prasinosporus; S. prasinus; S. pratens; S. pratensis; S. prunicolor; S. psammoticus; S. pseudoechinosporeus; S. pseudogriseolus; S. pseudovenezuelae; S. pulveraceus; S. puniceus; S. puniciscabiei; S. purpeofuscus; S. purpurascens; S. purpureus; S. purpurogeneiscleroticus; S. qinglanensis; S. racemochromogenes; S. radiopugnans; S. rameus; S. ramulosus; S. rangoonensis; S. rapamycinicus; S. recifensis; S. rectiverticillatus; S. rectiviolaceus; S. regensis; S. resistomycificus; S. reticuliscabiei; S. rhizosphaericus; S. rhizophilus; S. rimosus; S. ri. subsp. paromomycinus; S. ri. subsp. rimosus; S. rishiriensis; S. rochei; S. rosealbus; S. roseiscleroticus; S. roseodiastaticus; S. roseoflavus; S. roseofulvus; S. roseolilacinus; S. roseolus; S. roseosporus; S. roseoverticillatus; S. roseoviolaceus; S. roseoviridis; S. ruanii; S. ruber; S. rubidus; S. rubiginosohelvolus; S. rubiginosus; S. rubrogriseus; S. rubrus; S. rutgersensis; S. ru. subsp. castelarensis; S. ru. subsp. rutgersensis; S. salmonis; S. sampsonii; S. samsunensis; S. sanglieri; S. sannanensis; S. sanyensis; S. sapporonensis; S. scabiei; S. scabrisporus; S. sclerotialus; S. scopiformis; S. scopuliridis; S. sedi; S. seoulensis; S. septatus; S. seranimatus; S. setae; S. setonii; S. shaanxiensis; S. shenzhenensis; S. showdoensis; S. silaceus; S. sindenensis; S. sioyaensis; S. smyrnaeus; S. sodiiphilus; S. somaliensis; S. sparsogenes; S. sparsus; S. specialis; S. spectabilis; S. speibonae; S. speleomycini; S. spheroides; S. spinoverrucosus; S. spiralis; S. spiroverticillatus; S. spitsbergensis; S. spongiae; S. sporocinereus; S. sporoclivatus; S. spororaveus; S. sporoverrucosus; S. staurosporininus; S. stelliscabiei; S. stramineus; S. subrutilus; S. sulfonofaciens; S. sulphureus; S. sundarbansensis; S. synnematoformans; S. syringium; S. tacrolimicus; S. tanashiensis; S. tateyamensis; S. tauricus; S. tendae; S. termitum; S. thermoalcalitolerans; S. thermoautotrophicus; S. thermocarboxydovorans; S. thermocarboxydus; S. thermocoprophilus; S. thermodiastaticus; S. thermogriseus; S. thermolineatus; S. thermonitrificans; S. thermospinosisporus; S. thermoviolaceus; S. t. subsp. apingens; S. t. subsp. thermoviolaceus; S. thermovulgaris; S. thinghirensis; S. thioluteus; S. torulosus; S. toxytricini; S. tricolor; S. tritolerans; S. tubercidicus; S. tuirus; S. tunisiensis; S. turgidiscabies; S. umbrinus; S. variabilis; S. variegatus; S. varsoviensis; S. vastus; S. venezuelae; S. vietnamensis; S. vinaceus; S. vinaceusdrappus; S. violaceochromogenes; S. violaceolatus; S. violaceorectus; S. violaceoruber; S. violaceorubidus; S. violaceus; S. violaceusniger; S. violarus; S. violascens; S. violatus; S. violens; S. virens; S. virginiae; S. viridiflavus; S. viridiviolaceus; S. viridis; S. viridobrunneus; S. viridochromogenes; S. viridodiastaticus; S. viridosporus; S. vitaminophilus; S. wedmorensis; S. wellingtoniae; S. werraensis; S. willmorei; S. wuyuanensis; S. xanthochromogenes; S. xanthocidicus; S. xantholiticus; S. xanthophaeus; S. xiamenensis; S. xinghaiensis; S. xishensis; S. yaanensis; S. yanglinensis; S. yanii; S. yatensis; S. yeochonensis; S. yerevanensis; S. yogyakartensis; S. yokosukanensis; S. youssoufiensis; S. yunnanensis; S. zaomyceticus; S. zhaozhouensis; S. zinciresistens; S. ziwulingensis;

　　[★]

英: pitted keratolysis
関: 角質融解症

概念

皮膚細菌感染症の一種。

病原体

corynebacteria, Dermatophilus congolensis, Kytococcus sedentarius, actinomyces, streptomyces

病因

特定の細菌感染による。
蜂巣状(horny cell, stratum corneum)は細菌が分泌するプロテアーゼにより表皮が融解されて起こる。
悪臭は細菌が分泌するイオウ化合物による。

症状

多発する蜂巣状の窪み
悪臭

診断

視診で明らか
病原体同定のためにスワブスティックで培養検査を出すことがある。
真菌感染を除外するためには、表皮を採取することもある。
診断のためにパンチアウト皮膚生検し、病理組織学的に診断することがある。

鑑別診断

癜風：皮膚真菌感染症
紅色陰癬

参考

1.

http://www.huidziekten.nl/zakboek/dermatosen/ptxt/PittedKeratolysis.htm

http://www.dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/pathology/img/e/pitted-keratolysis-figure-1.jpg

2. wiki en

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitted_keratolysis

3.

<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMCU26CGkQg</youtube>

「Streptomyces」

　　[★] ストレプトマイセス属

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[33] Oh, Dong-Chan; Scott, Jarrod J.; Currie, Cameron R.; Clardy, Jon (5 February 2009). "Mycangimycin, a Polyene Peroxide from a Mutualist sp.". Organic Letters 11 (3): 633–636. doi:10.1021/ol802709x. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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[Holmes2012-36] Holmes, Tracy C.; May, Aaron E.; Zaleta-Rivera, Kathia; Ruby, J. Graham; Skewes-Cox, Peter; Fischbach, Michael A.; Derisi, Joseph L.; Iwatsuki, Masato; o̅Mura, Satoshi; Khosla, Chaitan (2012). "Molecular Insights into the Biosynthesis of Guadinomine: A Type III Secretion System Inhibitor". Journal of the American Chemical Society 134 (42): 17797–806. doi:10.1021/ja308622d. PMC 3483642. PMID 23030602.

Streptomyces

Slide culture of a Streptomyces species
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Order:	Actinomycetales
Family:	Streptomycetaceae
Genus:	Streptomyces Waksman & Henrici 1943
Diversity
About 550 species
Synonyms
Streptoverticillium

匿名

検索

案内

streptomyces