spirochetal

• スピロヘータの

関

Spirochaeta、spirochete

WordNet

1. the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic (同)genus Spirochaeta
2. parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals (同)spirochaete

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. スピロヘータ,らせん状菌(梅毒・回帰熱などの病原菌)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/25 00:00:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Spirochaetes
Spirochaetes.  Numbered ticks are 11 µm apart.  Gram-stained.
Treponema pallidum spirochaetes.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetae Cavalier-Smith 2002
Class:	Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002
Order:	Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917
Families & Genera
?Exilispira Imachi et al. 2008 Brevinemataceae Paster 2012 Brevinema Defosse et al. 1995 Brachyspiraceae Paster 2012 Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1983 Leptospiraceae Hovind-Hougen 1979 emend. Levett et al. 2005 Leptonema Hovind-Hougen 1983 Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982 Turneriella Levett et al. 2005 Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 Borrelia Swellengrebel 1907 Clevelandina ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988 Cristispira ♪ Gross 1910 Diplocalyx ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988 Hollandina ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988 Pillotina ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988 Sphaerochaeta Ritalahti et al. 2012 Spirochaeta Spirochaeta Ehrenberg 1835 emend. Pikuta et al. 2009 Spironema ♠ Turk et al. 1999 Treponema Schaudinn 1905

Cross section of a spirochaete cell

Spirochaetes (also spelled spirochetes) belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 5 and 250 µm and diameters around 0.1–0.6 µm.^{[citation needed]}

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission.

Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions.

Classification

The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae), all placed within a single order (Spirochaetales). Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following:

• Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis
• Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii, which cause Lyme disease
• Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever
• Treponema pallidum subspecies which cause treponematoses such as syphilis and yaws.
• Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira aalborgi, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Spirochaetes belong in a larger clade called Gracilicutes.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project

Leptospiraceae Turneriella parva (Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982) Levett et al. 2005 Leptonema illini Hovind-Hougen 1983 Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982 Brevinema andersonii Defosse et al. 1995 Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982 Exilispira thermophila Imachi et al. 2008 Spirochaetaceae ?Clevelandina reticulitermitidis ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988 ?Cristispira pectinis ♪ Gross 1910 ?Diplocalyx calotermitidis ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988 ?Hollandina pterotermitidis ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988 ?Pillotina calotermitidis ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988 Spironema culicis ♠ Turk et al. 1999 Spirochaeta [paraphyletic incl. Borrelia, Sphaerochaeta and Treponema]

Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

Historical

Salvarsan, the first partially organic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes only and was primarily used to cure syphilis.

See also

• Bacteriology
• Borrelia
• Flagellum
• Lyme disease microbiology
• Pinta
• Prokaryote
• Treponema pallidum
• Syphilis

References

External links

• Introduction to the Spirochetes University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. レプトスピラ症の微生物学、疫学、臨床症状、および診断 microbiology epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of leptospirosis
• 2. 成人におけるライム病の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of lyme disease in adults
• 3. 梅毒の病態生理、伝播、および自然史 pathophysiology transmission and natural history of syphilis
• 4. 回帰熱の微生物学、病因、および疫学 microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology of relapsing fever
• 5. レプトスピラ症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of leptospirosis

English Journal

• Motor Rotation Is Essential for the Formation of the Periplasmic Flagellar Ribbon, Cellular Morphology, and Borrelia burgdorferi Persistence within Ixodes scapularis Tick and Murine Hosts.

• Sultan SZ1, Sekar P2, Zhao X3, Manne A1, Liu J3, Wooten RM2, Motaleb MA4.
• Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2015 May;83(5):1765-77. doi: 10.1128/IAI.03097-14. Epub 2015 Feb 17.
• Borrelia burgdorferi must migrate within and between its arthropod and mammalian hosts in order to complete its natural enzootic cycle. During tick feeding, the spirochete transmits from the tick to the host dermis, eventually colonizing and persisting within multiple, distant tissues. This dissemin
• PMID 25690096

• Kanamycin Resistance Cassette for the Genetic Manipulation of Treponema denticola.

• Li Y1, Ruby J1, Wu H2.
• Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2015 Apr 17. pii: AEM.00478-15. [Epub ahead of print]
• Treponema denticola has been recognized as an important oral pathogen of the "red complex" bacterial consortium that is associated with the pathogenesis of endodontal and periodontal diseases. However, little is known about the virulence of T. denticola due to its recalcitrant genetic system. The di
• PMID 25888173

• Host cell heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are ligands for OspF-related proteins of the Lyme disease spirochete.

• Lin YP1, Bhowmick R, Coburn J, Leong JM.
• Cellular microbiology.Cell Microbiol.2015 Apr 13. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12448. [Epub ahead of print]
• Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, spreads from the site of the tick bite to tissues such as heart, joints and the nervous system. Host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), highly modified repeating disaccharides that are present on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrix, are common targets o
• PMID 25864455

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of spirochetal isolates from arthropods collected in South Moravia, Czech Republic, using fatty acid methyl esters analysis

• CECHOVA Leona,DURNOVA Eva,SIKUTOVA Silvie,HALOUZKA Jiri,NEMEC Miroslav
• Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 808(2), 249-254, 2004-09-05
• NAID 10016554735

• Brachyspira感染による野生エゾシカの腸管スピロヘータ症

• 芝原 友幸,疋田 瑞栄,和田 好洋 [他],末吉 益雄,大宅 辰夫,石川 義春,門田 耕一
• The journal of veterinary medical science 62(9), 947-951, S・v, 2000-09-25
• エゾシカ(Cervus nippon yesoensis)における腸管スピロヘータ感染の有無を調べるために, 7頭の野生エゾシカについて組織学的, 免疫組織化学的および電子顕微鏡学的検索を実施した.組織学的に, 7頭中6頭の盲腸と結腸に腸上皮細胞と杯細胞の過形成ならびにマクロファージとリンパ球の浸潤を伴う粘膜固有層の水腫を認めた.多数の好銀性スピロヘータが陰窩に認められ, 腸上皮細胞および杯細胞へ …
• NAID 110003920465

• Oral Spirochetal Species Detection Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction

• KUSUMOTO Yutaka,YAMAMOTO Hiroyo,KURESHIRO Hidetoshi,UMEMOTO Toshihiko,OGAWA Tomohiko
• Dentistry in Japan 35, 20-24, 1999-03-01
• NAID 10006200829

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「spirochete」

「spirochete」

　　[★]

• n.

• スピロヘータ

関

Spirochaeta、Spirochaetaceae、Spirochaetales、spirochetal