n.

スピロヘータ

関: Spirochaeta、Spirochaetaceae、Spirochaetales、spirochetal

WordNet

parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals (同)spirochaete
higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms (同)order Spirochaetales

PrepTutorEJDIC

スピロヘータ,らせん状菌(梅毒・回帰熱などの病原菌)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/24 19:27:38」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Cross section of a spirochaete cell

Spirochaetes English pronunciation: /ˈspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːt/^[1] (also spelled spirochetes) belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.^[2] Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 µm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 µm.^[3]

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission.

Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions.

Spirochetes may cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.^[4]

Classification

The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae), all placed within a single order (Spirochaetales). Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following:

Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis^[5]
Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii, which cause Lyme disease
Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever^[6]
Treponema pallidum subspecies which cause treponematoses such as syphilis and yaws.
Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira aalborgi, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis^[7]

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Spirochaetes belong in a larger clade called Gracilicutes.^[8]

Spirochaetes are gram-negative bacteria.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[10] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.^[11]

Leptospiraceae

Turneriella parva (Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982) Levett et al. 2005

	Leptonema illini Hovind-Hougen 1983

	Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982

	Brevinema andersonii Defosse et al. 1995

	Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982

Exilispira thermophila Imachi et al. 2008

Spirochaetaceae

	?Clevelandina reticulitermitidis ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988

	?Cristispira pectinis ♪ Gross 1910

	?Diplocalyx calotermitidis ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988

	?Hollandina pterotermitidis ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988

	?Pillotina calotermitidis ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988

	Spironema culicis ♠ Turk et al. 1999

	Spirochaeta [paraphyletic incl. Borrelia, Sphaerochaeta and Treponema]

Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

Historical

Salvarsan, the first partially organic synthetic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes only and was primarily used to cure syphilis.

References

^ spirochaete - Oxford Dictionaries
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Margulis, L.; Ashen, J. B.; Solé, M.; Guerrero, R. (1993-08-01). "Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90 (15): 6966–6970. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 47056. PMID 8346204.
^ Miklossy, Judith (2011-08-04). "Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria". Journal of Neuroinflammation 8: 90. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-90. ISSN 1742-2094. PMC 3171359. PMID 21816039.
^ McBride A, Athanazio D, Reis M, Ko A (2005). "Leptospirosis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 18 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523.
^ Schwan T (1996). "Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions". Infect Agents Dis 5 (3): 167–81. PMID 8805079.
^ Amat Villegas I, Borobio Aguilar E, Beloqui Perez R, de Llano Varela P, Oquiñena Legaz S, Martínez-Peñuela Virseda JM (January 2004). "[Colonic spirochetes: an infrequent cause of adult diarrhea]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish) 27 (1): 21–3. PMID 14718105.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biology Direct 1 (19): 19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMC 1586193. PMID 16834776.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Spirochaetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2013-03-20.
^ Sayers; et al. "Spirochaetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
^ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

External links

Introduction to the Spirochetes University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. レプトスピラ症の疫学、微生物学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology microbiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of leptospirosis
2. 回帰熱の臨床的特徴およびマネージメント clinical features diagnosis and management of relapsing fever
3. レプトスピラ症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of leptospirosis
4. 回帰熱の微生物学、病因、および疫学 microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology of relapsing fever
5. Borrelia miyamotoi感染症 borrelia miyamotoi infection

English Journal

Reduction of the hydraulic retention time at constant high organic loading rate to reach the microbial limits of anaerobic digestion in various reactor systems.

Ziganshin AM1, Schmidt T2, Lv Z3, Liebetrau J4, Richnow HH5, Kleinsteuber S3, Nikolausz M6.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Oct;217:62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.096. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) reduction at constant high organic loading rate on the activity of hydrogen-producing bacteria and methanogens were investigated in reactors digesting thin stillage. Stable isotope fingerprinting was additionally applied to assess methanogenic pathways.
PMID 26853042

Modulatory effects of condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid on the bovine rumen bacterial community in vitro.

Saminathan M1, Sieo CC1,2, Gan HM3,4, Ravi S1, Venkatachalam K2, Abdullah N2,5, Wong CM6, Ho YW1.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2016 Oct;96(13):4565-74. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7674. Epub 2016 Mar 23.
BACKGROUND: Condensed tannin (CT) fractions of different molecular weights (MWs) may affect rumen microbial metabolism by altering bacterial diversity. In this study the effects of unfractionated CTs (F0) and five CT fractions (F1-F5) of different MWs (F1, 1265.8 Da; F2, 1028.6 Da; F3, 652.2 D
PMID 26910767

Mining of hemicellulose and lignin degrading genes from differentially enriched methane producing microbial community.

Pandit PD1, Gulhane MK2, Khardenavis AA2, Purohit HJ3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Sep;216:923-30. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.021. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
Study creates a scenario for enrichment and selection of ligno-hemicellulose degrading genotypes with anaerobic bioreactor as a model using rice straw, vegetable waste and food waste as substrates. Relative discrimination analysis showed that the hydrolytic pathways and associated microbial communit
PMID 27323244

[Current review of the epidemiology of leptospirosis].

Torres-Castro M1, Hernández-Betancourt S, Agudelo-Flórez P, Arroyave-Sierra E, Zavala-Castro J, Puerto FI.
Revista médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc.2016 Sep-Oct;54(5):620-5.
in

English, SpanishLa bacteria espiroqueta Leptospira spp. es el agente causal de la leptospirosis, enfermedad antropozoonótica endémica en varias regiones del mundo, principalmente en países poco desarrollados y con altos niveles de pobreza. Sus tasas de incidencia y prevalencia son más alt

PMID 27428344

Japanese Journal

2P191 Rotation analysis of the spirochete cell body by 3D dark-field microscopy(12. Cell biology,Poster,The 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(BSJ2014))

Takabe Kyosuke,Islam Md. Shafiqul,Kudo Seishi,Nakamura Shuichi
生物物理 54(SUPPLEMENT_1-2), S226, 2014-08-20
NAID 110009932737

1SAP-05 らせん細菌Leptospiraの遊泳力学とエネルギー論(1SAP マルチスケールに活躍する運動超分子マシナリー,新学術領域研究「運動超分子マシナリーが織りなす調和と多様性」共催,シンポジウム,第52回日本生物物理学会年会(2014年度))

中村修一
生物物理 54(SUPPLEMENT_1-2), S120, 2014-08-20
NAID 110009932103

スピロヘータの形と運動

中村修一
日本細菌学雑誌 69(3), 527-538, 2014
スピロヘータは, 細胞内にべん毛を隠し持ち, 螺旋状の菌体をくねらせながら泳ぐ。様々な病気を引き起こす病原体としても重要であるが, その奇抜なルックスと動きは, 細菌学者のみならず, 幅広い分野の研究者たちを古くから魅了してきた。べん毛をスクリュープロペラのように使って泳ぐ外べん毛細菌と異なり, 細胞のダイナミックな変形を利用して流体中を進むというユニークなスピロヘータの運動メカニズムを解明すべく …
NAID 130004688031

腸管スピロヘータ症治療に大建中湯エキスを用いた一例

岩田健太郎,梅本善哉,神澤真紀 [他],原重雄,横崎宏,西本隆
日本東洋医学雑誌 64(1), 27-31, 2013
腸管スピロヘータ症はBrachyspira 属によるまれな消化管感染症である。臨床症状は多彩で無症状から消化管出血，下痢，腹痛など多岐に及ぶ。メトロニダゾールなど抗菌療法を用いることが多いがその治療効果は確立されておらず，難治例も少なくない。この度，腸管スピロヘータ症に大建中湯エキスを用いた症例を経験したので，文献的な考察を交えて報告する。治療方法が確立していない腸管スピロヘータ症であるが，慢性下 …
NAID 130003369912

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「スピロヘータ」「耳前リンパ節」「Spirochaetales」「spirochetal」
拡張検索	「spirochete infection」「Lyme disease spirochete」「relapsing fever spirochetes」

「スピロヘータ」

Spirochaetes
	Spirochaetes. Numbered ticks are 10 µm apart. Gram-stained.
	Treponema pallidum spirochaetes.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetae Cavalier-Smith 2002
Class:	Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002
Order:	Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917
Families & Genera
	?Exilispira Imachi et al. 2008; Brevinemataceae Paster 2012 Brevinema Defosse et al. 1995 Brevinema andersonii Defosse et al. 1995; ; ; Brachyspiraceae Paster 2012 Brachyspira Hovind-Hougen et al. 1983; ; Leptospiraceae Hovind-Hougen 1979 emend. Levett et al. 2005 Leptonema Hovind-Hougen 1983; Leptospira Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982; Turneriella Levett et al. 2005; ; Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 Borrelia Swellengrebel 1907; Clevelandina ♦ Bermudes et al. 1988; Cristispira ♪ Gross 1910; Diplocalyx ♦ (ex Gharagozlou 1968) Bermudes et al. 1988; Hollandina ♦ (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988; Pillotina ♦ (ex Hollande and Gharagozlou 1967) Bermudes et al. 1988; Sphaerochaeta Ritalahti et al. 2012; Spirochaeta Spirochaeta Ehrenberg 1835 emend. Pikuta et al. 2009; Spironema ♠ Turk et al. 1999; Treponema Schaudinn 1905; ;
Synonyms
	Phylum Spirochaetes Garrity and Holt, 2001;

　　[★]

英: spirochete
ラ: Spirochaetales, Spirochaeta
関: スピロヘータ科、スピロヘータ目、スピロヘータ属、Spirochaeta属

らせん状の形態を呈する一群。スピロヘータ目に含まれるものを指すと思われるが、医学の教科書ではスピリルム属もスピロヘータとして扱っている。

分類			病原体		感染症	感染経路
スピロヘータ目	スピロヘータ科	トレポネーマ属	梅毒トレポネーマ	Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum	梅毒	性行為、経胎盤
		ボレリア属	回帰熱ボレリア	Borrelia recurrentis	回帰熱	ダニ、シラミ
		ボレリア属	ライム病ボレリア	Borrelia burgdorferi	ライム病	マダニ
	レプトスピラ科	レプトスピラ属	黄疸出血性レプトスピラ	Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae	黄疸出血性レプトスピラ症 (レプトスピラ症、ワイル病、黄疸性ワイル病)	ネズミの尿
		スピリルム属	鼠咬症スピリルム	Spirillum minus	鼠咬症	ネズミの咬傷

「耳前リンパ節」

　　[★]

英: anterior auricular lymph node, preauricular lymph node, preauricular node
同: 耳介前リンパ節、耳介前部リンパ節

[show details]

耳前リンパ節 : 約 16,300 件
耳介前リンパ節 : 51 件

解剖

参考.1

耳介前リンパ節(通常1-3個)は耳介の前方に位置する。耳介後リンパ節と耳介前リンパ節、浅耳介リンパ節には、外耳、涙腺や周辺の頭皮や顔面からのリンパが流入し、深頸リンパ節に注ぐ。

腫脹

IRE.383

結膜炎

外耳炎

参考

1. 解剖シェーマ

http://www.oralstudio.net/stepup/jisho//1.img/words/img153.gif

「Spirochaetales」

　　[★] スピロヘータ目

関: Spirochaeta、Spirochaetaceae、spirochete

「spirochetal」

　　[★]

スピロヘータの

関: Spirochaeta、spirochete

「spirochete infection」

　　[★]

スピロヘータ感染症、スピロヘータ感染

関: spirochaetal infection、Spirochaetales infection

「Lyme disease spirochete」

　　[★]

ライム病スピロヘータ

関: Borrelia burgdorferi

「relapsing fever spirochetes」

　　[★] 回帰熱スピロヘータ

[1] spirochaete - Oxford Dictionaries

[Sherris-2] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[3] Margulis, L.; Ashen, J. B.; Solé, M.; Guerrero, R. (1993-08-01). "Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90 (15): 6966–6970. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 47056. PMID 8346204.

[4] Miklossy, Judith (2011-08-04). "Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria". Journal of Neuroinflammation 8: 90. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-90. ISSN 1742-2094. PMC 3171359. PMID 21816039.

[McBride_2005-5] McBride A, Athanazio D, Reis M, Ko A (2005). "Leptospirosis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 18 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523.

[Schwan_1996-6] Schwan T (1996). "Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions". Infect Agents Dis 5 (3): 167–81. PMID 8805079.

[pmid14718105-7] Amat Villegas I, Borobio Aguilar E, Beloqui Perez R, de Llano Varela P, Oquiñena Legaz S, Martínez-Peñuela Virseda JM (January 2004). "[Colonic spirochetes: an infrequent cause of adult diarrhea]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish) 27 (1): 21–3. PMID 14718105.

[csmith-8] Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biology Direct 1 (19): 19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMC 1586193. PMID 16834776.

[9] J.P. Euzéby. "Spirochaetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2013-03-20.

[10] Sayers; et al. "Spirochaetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

[11] 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

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案内

案内

spirochete