関: dorsal root、spinal nerve root、ventral root

WordNet

work natural fibers into a thread; "spin silk"
prolong or extend; "spin out a visit" (同)spin out
the act of rotating rapidly; "he gave the crank a spin"; "it broke off after much twisting" (同)twirl, twist, twisting, whirl
a distinctive interpretation (especially as used by politicians to sway public opinion); "the campaign put a favorable spin on the story"
a short drive in a car; "he took the new car for a spin"
a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile)
revolve quickly and repeatedly around ones own axis; "The dervishes whirl around and around without getting dizzy" (同)spin around, whirl, reel, gyrate
form a web by making a thread; "spiders spin a fine web"
make up a story; "spin a yarn"
stream in jets, of liquids; "The creek spun its course through the woods"
twist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation; "The Presidents spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"
plant by the roots
(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number
cause to take roots
take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly"
(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem" (同)root word, base, stem, theme, radical
the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support (同)tooth_root
come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression"
of or relating to the spine or spinal cord; "spinal cord"; "spinal injury"
the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; "his roots in Texas go back a long way"; "he went back to Sweden to search for his roots"; "his music has African roots"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(羊毛などから)〈糸など〉‘を'『紡ぐ』《+『名』+『out of』+『名』〈羊毛〉》,(糸などに)〈羊毛など〉‘を'紡ぐ《+『名』〈羊毛〉+『into』+『名』》 / 〈クモ・カイコなどが〉〈糸〉‘を'『吐く』;〈巣・繭〉‘を'かける / …‘を'くるくる回す / 〈物語など〉‘を'作る,話す / 『糸を紡ぐ』;〈クモ・カイコなどが〉糸を吐く / 〈こまなどが〉くるくる回る / 〈車などが〉疾走する / 〈頭などが〉くらくらする / 〈C〉〈U〉くるくる回すこと;回転 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(車などの)一走り / 〈C〉(飛行機の)きりもみ降下 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(価値などの)急落
《しばしば複数形で》『根』 / 『根元』 / 《the~》『根源』,根本;根底 / 《複数形で》(その人の根底にある)ある場所との根源的なつながり / (数学で)根,ルート / (派生語の)語根(例えばrootlessの中のroot) / 〈植物〉‘を'『根づかせる』 / 《しばしば受動態で》(根をおろしたように)(…に)…‘を'『定着させる』『+『名』+『to』(『in』)+『名』》 / (…に)『根を下ろす』,定着する《+『in』(『on』,『to』)+『名』》
〈豚などが〉(…をあさって)鼻で地面を掘る《+『about』(『around』)『for』+『名』》 / (…を捜して)〈人が〉かき回す《+『about for』+『名』》
(…を)声援する,(…の)成功を願う《+『for』+『名』》
背骨の / せき髄麻酔
《補語にのみ用いて》(植物が)根づいた / (考えなどが)定着した

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/17 11:07:49」(JST)

wiki en

A nerve root (latin: radix nervi) is the initial segment of a nerve leaving the central nervous system. Types include:

A cranial nerve root, the beginning of one of the twelve pairs leaving the central nervous system from the brain stem or the highest levels of the spinal cord;
A spinal nerve root, the beginning of one of the thirty-one pairs leaving the central nervous system from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve root consists of the union of a sensory dorsal root and a motor ventral root.

Nerve roots

Nerve roots (radix nervi SpinaliS), commonly referred to sometimes as "nerve roots" - bundles of nerve fibers extending from the spinal cord as the thread root and forming the combined spinal nerve trunk. At the height of each intervertebral space of the spinal roots go four - two roots ventral and two dorsal roots, one pair of right and left side of the core. Dorsal nerve root contains sensory nerve fibers, abdominal - motor fibers.

Pain and pathologies

Damage to nerve roots can cause paresis and paralysis created by the innervated by the spinal nerve or no pain and numbness in unerwianym area. A common cause of damage to the nerve roots are lesions in the spine, such as prolapse of the nucleus pulposus, spinal tuberculosis, cancer, inflammation, spinal tabes. Root pain syndromes, known colloquially as radiculitis, sciatica are one of the most common symptoms caused by damage to the nerve root. Radiculopathy is commonly called the "root". In addition to pain, accompanied by neurological defects. Typically, mechanical dysfunction is caused by pressure on the nerve root or shock can affect both the roots of the lower limbs and arms. Teams root of the upper limbs

The first sign of disease, sometimes before a few years, the occurrence of radicular syndrome are pain in the neck and shoulder area. Usually, the pain occurs as a consequence of a cold or hypothermia, sometimes calls it load, poor working posture or sleep, sudden movement of the head. Teams root localized mostly within the three lower cervical roots C5, C6, C7.

Symptoms

   Forced, reflexive position of the spine (the slope and a slight twist in the opposite direction has fallen Root)
   Paraspinal muscle contracture
   Reduction of cervical lordosis
   Numerous painful points on the edges of the blade
   Extensive irritation in areas within arm Head'a
   Pain at the back of the head slope
   Pain radiating to the upper chest and shoulder area
   The positive sign of nerve root tension in the upper limbs (not always)

C5 radiculopathy

The pain is localized to the side of the radial arm and the arm until the thumb and index finger. Pronation movement is weakened limbs and superficial sense. Sometimes observed detachment of the blade.

C6 radiculopathy

The pain radiates middle dorsal arm and forearm to the middle three fingers. Is weakened triceps arm. The painful area is also observed superficial hypoaesthesia.

C7 radiculopathy

Pain and sensory disturbances of superficial localized to the ulnar side of the limb, up to four and five finger hand. Handshake is weakened and bend the fingers, sometimes there is a small hand muscles atrophy.

Treatment Treatment should be initiated as early as possible, before any increase in muscle tone, which further intensifies the pain. In the first place it is recommended to manipulation and traction to decompress a compressed roots. Sometimes, radiculopathy is caused by herniated nucleus pulposus. Then bring good results pharmacological, physical and physiotherapy. Surgery is the last resort when conservative therapy is unsuccessful. Teams root of the lower limbs

Often on a single nerve root, the cause is a herniated intervertebral disc. The first harbinger of roots is usually lumbago. The disease usually occurs with periods of remission. From the first symptoms to develop a full radicular syndrome may take several months or several years. Pain increases gradually, but it can also be sudden. Top of symptoms is rapid, caused by a sudden, firm, an uncomfortable position or hypothermia. Cold causes muscle contraction, which leads to increased previously hidden symptoms.

Symptoms

   Scoliosis
   Paraspinal muscle contracture
   The reduction of lumbar lordosis
   Positive Symptom Lasègue'a

L4 radiculopathy

There is rarely the root of all units of the lower limbs. Pain locates on the front of the thigh and shin, further radiates towards the inner ankle, sometimes the medial toe. Can be accompanied by the weakening of the superficial sensation. In addition to pain, sometimes there is a failure of the quadriceps muscle and reflex weakness rzepkowego. Characteristic is also turned positive test Lasegue'a /

L5 radiculopathy

The pain radiates to the side of the thigh and lower leg towards the back of the foot and toes 1-3. Just as in the case of roots L4 accompanied by weakness and sensory superficial muscle weakness (eg charger long toe, including the tibialis anterior, including rectifier short fingers). Often, severe paralysis, mistakenly interpreted as a peroneal nerve palsy. Characteristic is the difficulty in becoming the heels. All reflexes are preserved and correct.

S1 radiculopathy

The pain radiates to the posterior side of the thigh and lower leg to the ankle side, sometimes on up to the fourth finger and 5 Gluteal muscles are weakened, sagittal and triceps muscle calf and Achilles tendon reflex with. The patient has a problem with standing on your toes.

Treatment

The treatment team is dependent on the root of the abnormality and the stage of the disease.

In the acute phase, in order to unlock the nerve root is recommended handling, traction and poisometric muscle relaxation. In cases where the manipulation is undesirable or impossible to carry out the infiltration may be root. In the case of the severe pain, this procedure should be carried out first.

Also brings relief to the patient in the position of decompress arrangement. It is helpful to the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. In the acute and subacute main goal is to restore proper mobility by not producing pain, individually selected kinesiotherapy.

Last resort, surgery is used when other methods do not produce results.

The exception is when the patient is observed paresis - then surgery should be performed as soon as possible, as this may cause irreversible paralysis of muscles.

A new method of treating herniated disc, which is the direct cause of any root is termonukleoplastic, the treatment consisting in introducing into the annulus fibrous of a special catheter tip heating. Warming up for a few minutes end to 65 °C results in the destruction of pain-sensitive nerve endings within the fibrous ring, reducing the volume of disk space and alleviate inflammation associated chronic irritation.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 多発神経根症：脊柱管狭窄症、感染症、癌、および炎症性神経根症候群 polyradiculopathy spinal stenosis infectious carcinomatous and inflammatory nerve root syndromes
2. 脊髄障害の解剖学および局在性 anatomy and localization of spinal cord disorders
3. 脊髄損傷後の呼吸生理学的変化 respiratory physiologic changes following spinal cord injury
4. 脊髄および後根神経節に影響を与える腫瘍随伴性症候群 paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia
5. 脊髄に影響を与える疾患 disorders affecting the spinal cord

English Journal

Upregulation of spinal NMDA receptors mediates hydrogen sulfide-induced hyperalgesia.

Zhao S1, Liu FF1, Wu YM2, Jiang YQ1, Guo YX1, Wang XL3.
Journal of the neurological sciences.J Neurol Sci.2016 Apr 15;363:176-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.058. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous neurotransmitter that importantly regulates various physiological and pathological events including pain signal transduction. In this study, we investigated the role of spinal NMDA receptors in the nociception induced by intraplantar injection of NaHS, an H2S
PMID 27000247

Functional anatomy of the accessory nerve studied through intraoperative electrophysiological mapping.

Brînzeu A1,2, Sindou M1,3.
Journal of neurosurgery.J Neurosurg.2016 Apr 8:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE Classically the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI, or accessory nerve) is described as having a cranial and a spinal root, the latter arising from the upper segments of the spinal cord through a number of very fine rootlets. According to classical knowledge, the cranial root gives motor innervatio
PMID 27058194

Mas-related gene (Mrg) C receptors inhibit mechanical allodynia and spinal microglia activation in the early phase of neuropathic pain in rats.

Wang D1, Xue Y1, Chen Y1, Ruan L1, Hong Y2.
Neuroscience letters.Neurosci Lett.2016 Apr 8;618:115-21. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.004. Epub 2016 Mar 4.
Mas-related gene (Mrg) C receptors are exclusively expressed in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, their functional roles are poorly understood. This study was aimed to determine the effect of MrgC receptors on pain hypersensitivity in the early phase of neuropathic pain and its
PMID 26952974

Japanese Journal

Spinal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Caused by a Mycotic Aneurysm of the Radiculomedullary Artery: A Case Report and Review of Literature

, , , , ,
NMC Case Report Journal 2(2), 49-52, 2015
… We report a case of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by rupture of a mycotic anerurysm. … An aneurysm was found at the cephalad aspect of the left C5 root. … Spinal mycotic aneurysm is a very rare entity with scant description in the literature. … When encountering spinal origin of subarachnoid hemorrhage, it should be included in the differential diagnosis. …
NAID 130005064615