WordNet

yielding readily to pressure or weight
(of light) transmitted from a broad light source or reflected (同)diffuse, diffused
out of condition; not strong or robust; incapable of exertion or endurance; "he was too soft for the army"; "flabby around the middle"; "flaccid cheeks" (同)flabby, flaccid
not brilliant or glaring; "the moon cast soft shadows"; "soft pastel colors"; "subdued lighting" (同)subdued
(of a commodity or market or currency) falling or likely to fall in value; "the market for computers is soft"
(of sound) relatively low in volume; "soft voices"; "soft music"
(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward the hard palate; characterized by a hissing or hushing sound (as `s and `sh'
compassionate and kind; conciliatory; "he was soft on his children"
not protected against attack (especially by nuclear weapons); "soft targets"
using evidence not readily amenable to experimental verification or refutation; "soft data"; "the soft sciences"
willing to negotiate and compromise
to a very great extent or degree; "the idea is so obvious"; "never been so happy"; "I love you so"; "my head aches so!"
(usually followed by `that'
in a manner that facilitates; "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"; "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat"
in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied; "Theyre happy and I hope they will remain so"; "so live your life that old age will bring no regrets"
in the same way; also; "I was offended and so was he"; "worked hard and so did she"
to a certain unspecified extent or degree; "I can only go so far with this student"; "can do only so much in a day"
a soft thin (usually translucent) paper (同)tissue_paper
part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.); one of the four major types of cancer

PrepTutorEJDIC

(押されて形を変えるほど)『柔らかい』 / (木材・金属などが,同種の中で比較的)『柔らかい』 / (斤ざわりの)なめらかな,すべすべした / (声・音が)穏やかな,低い,静かな / (見た目に)どぎつくない,落ち着いた / (天候・気候が)穏やかな,温和な / (心・言動が)優しい,もの柔らかな / (体または精神などが)軟弱な,虚弱な / (市況・相場が)弱気の,下がり気味の / (水が)軟性の / (水音が)軟音の / アルコール分を含まない / 柔らかに / 静かに
《様態の指示》『そういうふうに』,『そのように』・《補語に用いて》『そのようで』,そうで・《程度》『それほど』,そんなに・《強意として》《話》『非常に』,『とても』,たいへん・《前に述べたことの内容に対する同意を表して;「so+主語+[助]動詞」》『その通りで』,『本当に』,確かに,おっしゃるとおり・《肯定文を受けて;「so+[助]動詞+主語」の語順で》…『もまた』,『も同様に』・《as~, so…で》~と同じように…,(~のように)そのように・《目的を表して》…『するように』・《理由・結果を表して》『その結果』,それで・《文・節の頭に用いて》『それで』,だから・《驚き・賛成・嫌悪・疑いなどを表して》そうか,そうなんだ,どうかな,まさか・それでよし
=sol
〈U〉〈C〉(生物体の)『組織』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『薄織物』 / 〈U〉〈C〉水を吸収する柔らかな薄紙 / 〈C〉カーボンコピー用薄紙 / 〈C〉《a ~》(…を)織り交ぜて作ったもの《+of+名》 / =tissue paper
肉腫(にくしゅ)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/14 11:30:57」(JST)

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Undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma in left lung of young child

A soft-tissue sarcoma is a form of sarcoma that develops in connective tissue,^[1] though the term is sometimes applied to elements of the soft tissue that are not currently considered connective tissue.

Risk factors

Most soft-tissue sarcomas are not associated with any known risk factors or identifiable etiology. There are some exceptions:

Studies suggest that workers who are exposed to chlorophenols in wood preservatives and phenoxy herbicides may have an increased risk of developing soft-tissue sarcomas. An unusual percentage of patients with a rare blood vessel tumor, angiosarcoma of the liver, have been exposed to vinyl chloride in their work. This substance is used in the manufacture of certain plastics, notably PVC.^{[citation needed]}

In the early 1900s, when scientists were just discovering the potential uses of radiation to treat disease, little was known about safe dosage levels and precise methods of delivery. At that time, radiation was used to treat a variety of noncancerous medical problems, including enlargement of the tonsils, adenoids, and thymus gland. Later, researchers found that high doses of radiation caused soft-tissue sarcomas in some patients.^[2] Because of this risk, radiation treatment for cancer is now planned to ensure that the maximum dosage of radiation is delivered to diseased tissue while surrounding healthy tissue is protected as much as possible.^{[citation needed]}

Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare cancer of the cells that line blood vessels in the skin and mucus membranes, is caused by Human herpesvirus 8. Kaposi's sarcoma often occurs in patients with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Kaposi's sarcoma, however, has different characteristics than typical soft-tissue sarcomas and is treated differently.^{[citation needed]}

In a very small fraction of cases, sarcoma may be related to a rare inherited genetic alteration of the p53 gene and is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Certain other inherited diseases are associated with an increased risk of developing soft-tissue sarcomas. For example, people with neurofibromatosis type I (also called von Recklinghausen's disease, associated with alterations in the NF1 gene) are at an increased risk of developing soft-tissue sarcomas known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Patients with inherited retinoblastoma have alterations in the RB1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, and are likely to develop soft-tissue sarcomas as they mature into adulthood.

Epidemiology

Soft-tissue sarcomas are relatively uncommon cancers. They account for less than 1% of all new cancer cases each year. This may be because cells in soft tissue, in contrast to tissues that more commonly give rise to malignancies, are not continuously dividing cells.^{[citation needed]}

In 2006, about 9,500 new cases were diagnosed in the United States.^[3] Soft-tissue sarcomas are more commonly found in older patients (>50 years old) although in children and adolescents under age 20, certain histologies are common (rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma).^{[citation needed]}

Around 3,300 people were diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma in the UK 2011.^[4]

Symptoms

In their early stages, soft-tissue sarcomas usually do not cause symptoms. Because soft tissue is relatively elastic, tumors can grow rather large, pushing aside normal tissue, before they are felt or cause any problems. The first noticeable symptom is usually a painless lump or swelling. As the tumor grows, it may cause other symptoms, such as pain or soreness, as it presses against nearby nerves and muscles. If in the abdomen it can cause abdominal pains commonly mistaken for menstrual cramps, indigestion, or cause constipation.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis

The only reliable way to determine whether a soft-tissue tumour is benign or malignant is through a biopsy. There are two methods for acquisition of tumour tissue for cytopathological analysis;

Needle Aspiration, via biopsy needle
surgically, via an incision made into the tumour.

A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope. If cancer is present, the pathologist can usually determine the type of cancer and its grade. Here, 'grade' refers to a scale used to represent concisely the predicted growth rate of the tumour and its tendency to spread, and this is determined by the degree to which the cancer cells appear abnormal when examined under a microscope. Low-grade sarcomas, although cancerous, are defined as those that are less likely to metastasise. High-grade sarcomas are defined as those more likely to spread to other parts of the body.

Soft tissue sarcomas commonly originate in the upper body, in the shoulder or upper chest. Some symptoms are uneven posture, pain in the trapezius muscle and cervical inflexibility [difficulty in turning the head].^{[citation needed]}

The most common site to which soft tissue sarcoma spreads is the lungs.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment

In general, treatment for soft-tissue sarcomas depends on the stage of the cancer. The stage of the sarcoma is based on the size and grade of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body (metastasized). Treatment options for soft-tissue sarcomas include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.^{[citation needed]}

Surgery is the most common treatment for soft-tissue sarcomas. If possible, the doctor will remove the cancer and a safe margin of the healthy tissue around it. It is important to obtain a margin free of tumor to decrease the likelihood of local recurrence and give the best chance for eradication of the tumor. Depending on the size and location of the sarcoma, it may, rarely, be necessary to remove all or part of an arm or leg.^{[citation needed]}
Radiation therapy may be used either before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may have been left behind. In some cases, it can be used to treat tumours that cannot be surgically removed. In multiple studies, radiation therapy has been found to improve the rate of local control, but has not had any influence on overall survival.^{[citation needed]}
Chemotherapy may be used with radiation therapy either before or after surgery to try to shrink the tumor or kill any remaining cancer cells. The use of chemotherapy to prevent the spread of soft-tissue sarcomas has not been proven to be effective. If the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, chemotherapy may be used to shrink tumors and reduce the pain and discomfort they cause, but is unlikely to eradicate the disease.

A combination of Taxotere and Gemzar could be an effective chemotherapy regimen in patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcoma.^[5]

Tables

Table 1: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Adults
Tissue of Origin	Type of Cancer	Usual Location in the Body
Fibrous tissue	Fibrosarcoma	Arms, legs, trunk
	Malignant fibrous hystiocytoma	Legs
	Dermatofibrosarcoma	Trunk
Fat	Liposarcoma	Arms, legs, trunk
Muscle Striated muscle Smooth muscle	Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma	Arms, legs Uterus, digestive tract
Blood vessels	Hemangiosarcoma	Arms, legs, trunk
	Kaposi's sarcoma	Legs, trunk
Lymph vessels	Lymphangiosarcoma	Arms
Synovial tissue (linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths)	Synovial sarcoma	Legs
Peripheral nerves	Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour/Neurofibrosarcoma	Arms, legs, trunk
Cartilage and bone-forming tissue	Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma	Legs
	Extraskeletal osteosarcoma	Legs, trunk (not involving the bone)

Table 2: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Children
Tissue of Origin	Type of Cancer	Usual Location in the Body	Most common ages
Muscle
Striated muscle	Rhabdomyosarcoma
	Embryonal	Head and neck, genitourinary tract	Infant–4
	Alveolar soft part sarcoma	Arms, legs, head, and neck	Infant–19
Smooth muscle	Leiomyosarcoma	Trunk	15–19
Fibrous tissue	Fibrosarcoma	Arms and legs	15–19
	Malignant fibrous histiocytoma	Legs	15–19
	Dermatofibrosarcoma	Trunk	15–19
Fat	Liposarcoma	Arms and Legs	15–19
Blood vessels	Infantile hemangio- pericytoma	Arms, legs, trunk, head, and neck	Infant–4
Synovial tissue (linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths)	Synovial sarcoma	Legs, arms, and trunk	15–19
Peripheral nerves	Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (also called neurofibrosarcomas, malignant schwannomas, and neurogenic sarcomas)	Arms, legs, and trunk	15–19
Muscular nerves	Alveolar soft part sarcoma	Arms and legs	Infant–19
Cartilage and bone-forming tissue	Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma	Legs	10–14
	Extraskeletal mesenchymal	Legs	10–14

An earlier version of this article was taken from the US National Cancer Center's Cancer Information Service.

Notable patients

Actor Robert Urich died from synovial sarcoma.
Actress Michelle Thomas died from desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor, a rare abdominal soft-tissue sarcoma.
It Is Written evangelist Henry Feyerabend died from sarcoma in his leg.^{[citation needed]}
Video game concept artist Adam Adamowicz died from complications of a rare muscle sarcoma on Feb. 9, 2012. He was 43.
Professional wrestler, Jake Roberts revealed he is afflicted with muscle cancer.
Professional wrestler, Zack Ryder revealed he suffered from Synovial Sarcoma as a teenager.^[6]

Notable experts

Retired pathologist Professor Clair du Boulay OBE specialised in soft-tissue sarcomas at the University of Southampton.

References

^ "soft tissue sarcoma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Dino Samartzis, University of Hong Kong, South China Morning Post, 1 June 2013
^ Ries LAG, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003. Bethesda , MD: National Cancer Institute, 2006.
^ "Soft tissue sarcoma statistics". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ http://professional.cancerconsultants.com/oncology_sarcoma_cancer_news.aspx?id=36670
^ http://www.wwe.com/inside/the-scars-of-the-superstars/page-13

External links

Factsheet from the National Cancer Institute
Information from Memorial Sloan Kettering
The Sarcoma Learning Center
www.soft-tissue.com - a database of review questions on soft tissue sarcomas
Clinically reviewed soft-tissue sarcoma information for patients, from Cancer Research UK.
OrthoTumours a case-based educational resource

UpToDate Contents

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1. 軟部組織肉腫の臨床所見、病理組織学的検査、診断的評価、および病期分類 clinical presentation histopathology diagnostic evaluation and staging of soft tissue sarcoma
2. 転移性軟部組織肉腫の全身治療 systemic treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma
3. 四肢および胸壁の原発性軟部組織肉腫の局所治療 local treatment for primary soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and chest wall
4. 四肢の局所再発・切除不能・局所進行の軟部組織肉腫の治療 treatment of locally recurrent and unresectable locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities
5. 後腹膜軟部組織肉腫の臨床的特徴、評価、および治療 clinical features evaluation and treatment of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma

English Journal

Completely resected follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the posterior mediastinum: report of a case.

Miyoshi R1, Sonobe M2, Miyamoto E1, Date H1.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2016 Dec;2(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s40792-016-0155-4. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm originating from follicular dendritic cells, and most of them develop in lymph nodes of the head and neck. One third of follicular dendritic cell sarcomas occur in the extranodal sites such as the tonsils, mesentery, and retroperitoneal
PMID 27001632

Epistatic Interaction of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor and Agouti Signaling Protein Genes Modulates Wool Color in the Brazilian Creole Sheep.

Hepp D1, Gonçalves GL2, Moreira GR2, de Freitas TR2.
The Journal of heredity.J Hered.2016 Nov;107(6):544-52. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esw037. Epub 2016 Jun 9.
Different pigmentation genes have been associated with color diversity in domestic animal species. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), agouti signaling protein (ASIP), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) genes are candidate ge
PMID 27288530

Prevalence and risk factors for oral DNA tumor viruses in HIV-infected youth.

Kahn JA1, Rudy BJ2, Xu J3, Kapogiannis B4, Secord E5, Gillison M6.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2016 Nov;88(11):1944-1952. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24555. Epub 2016 May 9.
Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) may promote oral cancers, especially among immunosuppressed individuals. The aims of this study were to examine whether demographic characteristics, medical history, sexual behaviors, substance us
PMID 27096166

Japanese Journal

骨軟部腫瘍に対する薬物療法効果の評価法 (特集希少がんの治療戦略)

腫瘍内科 = Clinical oncology 17(3), 311-315, 2016-03
NAID 40020773710

進行再発肉腫に対する新規抗がん剤と治療戦略 (特集希少がんの治療戦略)

腫瘍内科 = Clinical oncology 17(3), 264-270, 2016-03
NAID 40020772650

各種肉腫に対する薬物療法 : 現状と課題

血液内科 = Hematology 72(1), 127-133, 2016-01
NAID 40020729558

Related Pictures

Soft Tissue Sarcoma Photograph by National Cancer Institute/science Photo Library Sarcoma; Sarcoma, Epithelioid; Sarcoma, Soft Tissue; Sarcoma, Spindle Cell Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue (a) Chest wall high grade soft tissue sarcoma. (b) Full-thickness | Download Understanding Soft Tissue Sarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma - Causes, Symptoms, Survival Rate, Treatment Soft Tissue Sarcoma Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Natural Health News Soft Tissue Sarcoma Photograph by National Cancer Institute/science Photo Library