軟部組織、軟組織

WordNet

yielding readily to pressure or weight
(of light) transmitted from a broad light source or reflected (同)diffuse, diffused
out of condition; not strong or robust; incapable of exertion or endurance; "he was too soft for the army"; "flabby around the middle"; "flaccid cheeks" (同)flabby, flaccid
not brilliant or glaring; "the moon cast soft shadows"; "soft pastel colors"; "subdued lighting" (同)subdued
(of a commodity or market or currency) falling or likely to fall in value; "the market for computers is soft"
(of sound) relatively low in volume; "soft voices"; "soft music"
(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward the hard palate; characterized by a hissing or hushing sound (as `s and `sh'
compassionate and kind; conciliatory; "he was soft on his children"
not protected against attack (especially by nuclear weapons); "soft targets"
using evidence not readily amenable to experimental verification or refutation; "soft data"; "the soft sciences"
willing to negotiate and compromise
to a very great extent or degree; "the idea is so obvious"; "never been so happy"; "I love you so"; "my head aches so!"
(usually followed by `that'
in a manner that facilitates; "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"; "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat"
in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied; "Theyre happy and I hope they will remain so"; "so live your life that old age will bring no regrets"
in the same way; also; "I was offended and so was he"; "worked hard and so did she"
to a certain unspecified extent or degree; "I can only go so far with this student"; "can do only so much in a day"
a soft thin (usually translucent) paper (同)tissue_paper
part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

PrepTutorEJDIC

(押されて形を変えるほど)『柔らかい』 / (木材・金属などが,同種の中で比較的)『柔らかい』 / (斤ざわりの)なめらかな,すべすべした / (声・音が)穏やかな,低い,静かな / (見た目に)どぎつくない,落ち着いた / (天候・気候が)穏やかな,温和な / (心・言動が)優しい,もの柔らかな / (体または精神などが)軟弱な,虚弱な / (市況・相場が)弱気の,下がり気味の / (水が)軟性の / (水音が)軟音の / アルコール分を含まない / 柔らかに / 静かに
《様態の指示》『そういうふうに』,『そのように』・《補語に用いて》『そのようで』,そうで・《程度》『それほど』,そんなに・《強意として》《話》『非常に』,『とても』,たいへん・《前に述べたことの内容に対する同意を表して;「so+主語+[助]動詞」》『その通りで』,『本当に』,確かに,おっしゃるとおり・《肯定文を受けて;「so+[助]動詞+主語」の語順で》…『もまた』,『も同様に』・《as~, so…で》~と同じように…,(~のように)そのように・《目的を表して》…『するように』・《理由・結果を表して》『その結果』,それで・《文・節の頭に用いて》『それで』,だから・《驚き・賛成・嫌悪・疑いなどを表して》そうか,そうなんだ,どうかな,まさか・それでよし
=sol
〈U〉〈C〉(生物体の)『組織』 / 〈U〉〈C〉『薄織物』 / 〈U〉〈C〉水を吸収する柔らかな薄紙 / 〈C〉カーボンコピー用薄紙 / 〈C〉《a ~》(…を)織り交ぜて作ったもの《+of+名》 / =tissue paper

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/27 14:23:47」(JST)

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Micrograph of a piece of soft tissue (tendon). H&E stain.

In anatomy, the term soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body, not being bone. Soft tissue includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, and synovial membranes (which are connective tissue), and muscles, nerves and blood vessels (which are not connective tissue).^[1]

It is sometimes defined by what it is not. For example, soft tissue has been defined as "nonepithelial, extraskeletal mesenchyme exclusive of the reticuloendothelial system and glia".^[2]

Composition

The characteristic substances inside the extracellular matrix of this kind of tissue are the collagen, elastin and ground substance. Normally the soft tissue is very hydrated because of the ground substance. The fibroblasts are the most common cell responsible for the production of soft tissues' fibers and ground substance. Variations of fibroblasts, like chondroblasts, may also produce these substances.^[3]

Mechanical characteristics

At small strains, elastin confers stiffness to the tissue and stores most of the strain energy. The collagen fibers are comparatively inextensible and are usually loose (wavy,crimped). With increasing tissue deformation the collagen is gradually stretched in the direction of deformation. When taut, these fibers produce a strong growth in tissue stiffness. The composite behavior is analogous to a nylon stocking, whose rubber band does the role of elastin as the nylon does the role of collagen. In soft tissues the collagen limits the deformation and protects the tissues from injury.

Figure 1: Graph of lagrangian stress (T) versus stretch ratio (λ) of a preconditioned soft tissue.

Soft tissues have the potential to undergo big deformations and still come back to the initial configuration when unloaded. The stress-strain curve is nonlinear, as can be seen in Figure 1. The soft tissues are also viscoelastic, incompressible and usually anisotropic. Some viscoelastic properties observable in soft tissues are: relaxation, creep and hysteresis.^[4]^[5]

Pseudoelasticity

Even though soft tissues have viscoelastic properties, i.e. stress as function of strain rate, it can be approximated by a hyperelastic model after precondition to a load pattern. After some cycles of loading and unloading the material, the mechanical response becomes independent of strain rate.

Despite the independence of strain rate, preconditioned soft tissues still present hysteresis, so the mechanical response can be modeled as hyperelastic with different material constants at loading and unloading (see Figure 1). By this method the elasticity theory is used to model an inelastic material. Fung has called this model as pseudoelastic to point out that the material is not truly elastic.^[5]

Residual stress

In physiological state soft tissues usually present residual stress that may be released when the tissue is excised. Physiologists and histologists must be aware of this fact to avoid mistakes when analyzing excised tissues. This retraction usually causes a visual artifact.^[5]

Fung-elastic material

Fung developed a constitutive equation for preconditioned soft tissues which is

with

quadratic forms of Green-Lagrange strains and , and material constants.^[5] is the strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature.

Isotropic simplification

The Fung-model, simplified with isotropic hypothesis (same mechanical properties in all directions). This written in respect of the principal stretches ():

,

where a, b and c are constants.

Simplification for small and big stretches

For small strains, the exponential term is very small, thus negligible.

On the other hand, the linear term is negligible when the analysis rely only on big strains.

Gent-elastic material

Further information: Gent (hyperelastic model)

where is the shear modulus for infinitesimal strains and is a stiffening parameter, associated with limiting chain extensibility. ^[6] This constitutive model cannot be stretched in uni-axial tension beyond a maximal stretch , which is the positive root of

Remodeling and growth

Soft tissues have the potential to grow and remodel reacting to chemical and mechanical long term changes. The rate the fibroblasts produce tropocollagen is proportional to these stimuli. Diseases, injuries and changes in the level of mechanical load may induce remodeling. An example of this phenomenon is the thickening of farmer's hands. The remodeling of connective tissues is very know in bones by the Wolff's law (bone remodeling). Mechanobiology is the science that study the relation between stress and growth at cellular level.^[4]

Growth and remodeling have a major role in the etiology of some common soft tissue diseases, like arterial stenosis and aneurisms ^[7]^[8] and any soft tissue fibrosis. Other instance of tissue remodeling, is the thickening of the cardiac muscle in response to the growth of blood pressure detected by the arterial wall.

References

^ Definition at National Cancer Institute
^ Skinner, Harry B. (2006). Current diagnosis & treatment in orthopedics. Stamford, Conn: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. p. 346. ISBN 0-07-143833-5.
^ Junqueira, L.C.U.; Carneiro, J.; Gratzl, M. (2005). Histologie. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin Verlag. p. 479. ISBN 3-540-21965-X.
^ ^a ^b Humphrey, Jay D. (2003). "Continuum biomechanics of soft biological tissues". In The Royal Society. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 459 (2029): 3–46. Bibcode:2003RSPSA.459....3H. doi:10.1098/rspa.2002.1060.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fung, Y.-C. (1993). Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 568. ISBN 0-387-97947-6.
^ Gent, A. N. (1996). "A new constitutive relation for rubber". Rub. Chem. Tech. 69: 59–61.
^ Humphrey, Jay D. (2008). "Vascular adaptation and mechanical homeostasis at tissue, cellular, and sub-cellular levels". In Springer-Verlag. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 50 (2): 53–78. doi:10.1007/s12013-007-9002-3. PMID 18209957.
^ Holzapfel, G.A.; Ogden, R.W. (2010). "Constitutive modelling of arteries". In The Royal Society. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 466 (2118): 1551–1597. Bibcode:2010RSPSA.466.1551H. doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0058.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における非結核性抗酸菌性皮膚および軟部組織感染症の概要 overview of nontuberculous mycobacterial skin and soft tissue infections in children
2. 成人におけるメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌による皮膚および軟部組織感染症の治療 treatment of skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in adults
3. 壊死性軟部組織感染症 necrotizing soft tissue infections
4. 軟部肉腫および骨肉腫のためのプロトコル protocols for soft tissue and bone sarcoma
5. 臨床微生物学レビュー：創傷、皮膚組織、および軟部組織の感染症 clinical microbiology review wound skin and soft tissue infections

English Journal

The genus Shewanella: from the briny depths below to human pathogen.

Janda JM1, Abbott SL.Author information 1Department of Public Health, Public Health Laboratory , Downey, CA , USA and.AbstractThe genus Shewanella is currently composed of more than 50 species that inhabit a range of marine environs and ecosystems. Several members of this genus, including S. oneidensis, have been identified that could potentially play key roles in environmental processes such as bioremediation of toxic elements and heavy metals and serving as microbial fuel cells. In contrast to this beneficial role, shewanellae are increasingly being implicated as human pathogens in persons exposed through occupational or recreational activities to marine niches containing shewanellae. Documented illnesses linked to Shewanella include skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, and otitis media. At present, it is unclear exactly how many Shewanella species are truly bona fide human pathogens. Recent advances in the taxonomy and phylogenetic relatedness of members of this genus, however, support the concept that most human infections are caused by a single species, S. algae. Some phylogenetic data further suggest that some current members of the genus are not true Shewanella species sensu stricto. The current review summarizes our present knowledge of the distribution, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and identification of microbial species focusing on a clinical perspective.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 Nov;40(4):293-312. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.726209. Epub 2012 Oct 8.
The genus Shewanella is currently composed of more than 50 species that inhabit a range of marine environs and ecosystems. Several members of this genus, including S. oneidensis, have been identified that could potentially play key roles in environmental processes such as bioremediation of toxic ele
PMID 23043419

Cancer diagnosis and treatment guidance: role of MRI and MRI probes in the era of molecular imaging.

Lu J, Feng F, Jin Z1.Author information 1Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wang Fu Jing Avenue, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100730, China. cjr.fengfeng@vip.163.com.AbstractMRI plays a unique role in cancer treatment from three perspectives: Firstly, MRI has superior soft tissue resolution, which makes it indispensible in delineating, staging and monitoring treatment efficacy for certain tumors; Secondly, several techniques which use real-time MRI to map such physiological parameters as temperature, water content or pH have been developed to guide course of anticancer therapies; Thirdly, different targeted probes or hybrid nanoparticles are being developed to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of tumor under guidance of MRI. In this review article, we will briefly review the first two aspects of MRI guided cancer therapy, followed by a more comprehensive review on the third part focusing on targeted MR imaging probes for personalized medicine.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Oct;14(8):714-22.
MRI plays a unique role in cancer treatment from three perspectives: Firstly, MRI has superior soft tissue resolution, which makes it indispensible in delineating, staging and monitoring treatment efficacy for certain tumors; Secondly, several techniques which use real-time MRI to map such physiolog
PMID 24372236

Efficacy and safety of a new monophasic hyaluronic acid filler in the correction of nasolabial folds: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, split-face study.

Rhee do Y1, Won CH, Chang SE, Noh TK, Kim MS, Kim BJ, Park GH, An JS, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Lim SH.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center , Seoul , Korea.AbstractBACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are frequently used for the correction of facial soft-tissue defects.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Oct;25(5):448-52. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.814756.
BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are frequently used for the correction of facial soft-tissue defects.OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of a novel monophasic HA filler (mono-HA), and a well-studied biphasic HA filler (bi-HA), in the treatment of moderate to severe nasolabial fold
PMID 23789873

Japanese Journal

Shock wave–bubble interaction near soft and rigid boundaries during lithotripsy: numerical analysis by the improved ghost fluid method

Kobayashi Kazumichi,Kodama Tetsuya,Takahira Hiroyuki
Physics in Medicine and Biology 56(19), 6421-6440, 2011-09-15
… In the case of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a shock wave–bubble interaction inevitably occurs near the focusing point of stones, resulting in stone fragmentation and subsequent tissue damage. … Because shock wave–bubble interactions are high-speed phenomena occurring in tissue consisting of various media with different acoustic impedance values, numerical analysis is an effective method for elucidating the mechanism of these interactions. …
NAID 120003340672

Dynamic Behavior and Spontaneous Differentiation of Mouse Embryoid Bodies on Hydrogel Substrates of Different Surface Charge and Chemical Structures

Liu Jian Fang,Chen Yong Mei,Yang Jing Jing,Kurokawa Takayuki,Kakugo Akira,Yamamoto Kimiko,Gong Jian Ping
Tissue
… There is anincreasing interest in the effect of soft hydrogel scaffolds on the behavior of EBs, such as the initial adhesion,dynamic morphology change, and differentiation. …
NAID 120003295070

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「軟組織」「軟部組織」
拡張検索	「soft tissue neoplasm」「connective and soft tissue neoplasm」「soft tissue infection」
関連記事	「so」「soft」