WordNet

the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary); "the restriction of the infection to a focal area" (同)confinement
a principle that limits the extent of something; "I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements" (同)limitation
a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…を)『制限』(『限定』)『すること』《+『of』+『名』》,制限(限定)されていること / 〈C〉(…に対する)制限事項,制約《+『on』(『against』)+『名』》
ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/01 10:05:06」(JST)

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A low sodium diet is a diet that includes no more than 1,500 to 2,400 mg of sodium per day.^[1] (One teaspoon of salt has about 2,300 mg sodium.) People who follow a vigorous or moderate exercise schedule are usually advised to limit their sodium intake to 3,000 mg per day and those with moderate to severe heart failure are usually advised to limit their sodium intake to 2,000 mg per day.^{[citation needed]}. People who have been diagnosed with Ménière's disease, as well, need to follow a low-sodium diet.

The human minimum requirement for sodium in the diet is about 500 mg per day,^[2] which is typically less than one-sixth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste". For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.

Health effects

The effect of a low salt diet on mortality or cardiovascular disease is unclear with any benefit in either hypertensive or normal tensive people being small if present.^[3] In 2012, the British Journal Heart published an article claiming that a low salt diet appears to increase the risk of death in those with congestive heart failure,^[3]^[4] but the article was retracted in 2013.^[5] The article was retracted by the journal when it was found the two of the studies cited contained duplicate data that could not be verified.^[6]

A low sodium diet has a useful effect to reduce blood pressure, both in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure.^[7] Taken together, a low salt diet (median of approximately 4.5 g/day - approx 1800 mg Sodium) in hypertensive people resulted in a decrease in systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg, and in diastolic blood pressure by 2.70 mmHg. In people with normal blood pressure, the corresponding decrease in systolic blood pressure was 2.03 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 0.99 mmHg.^[7]

Food and drink contents

High sodium content

Sodium occurs naturally in most foods. The most common form of sodium is sodium chloride, which is table salt. Milk, beets, and celery also naturally contain sodium, as does drinking water, although the amount varies depending on the source. Sodium is also added to various food products. Some of these added forms are monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate. These are ingredients in condiments and seasonings such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic salt, and bouillon cubes. Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and ham, and canned soups and vegetables are all examples of foods that contain added sodium. Fast foods are generally very high in sodium.^[8] Also, processed foods such as potato chips, frozen dinners and cured meats have high sodium content.

It has been noted that such large amounts of salts are given out by regenerative water softeners that over 60 cities in Southern California have banned these units because of elevated salt levels in ground water reclamation projects caused by water softeners and other sources. Water labeled as "drinking water" in supermarkets may have sodium since it is usually only filtered with a carbon filter and will contain any and all sodium present in the source water.^[9]

Low sodium content

Unprocessed, fresh foods, such as fresh fruits, most vegetables, beef, poultry, fish and unprocessed grains are low in sodium. The availability of low sodium foods is increasing. Due to the difficulty of finding low sodium versions of processed foods that are naturally high in, or contain medium levels of, sodium (such as cereals, soups, and canned seafood), food markets and distributors have recently started opening online businesses that focus on marketing low sodium products. Just like low carb or low calorie products, low sodium products began to take their own place in food marketers’ shelves. Many low sodium products have crossed over from the hospitality industry and are now available online, such as low sodium soup bases.

Other foods that are low in sodium include:

Seasonings: Black, cayenne, or lemon pepper, mustard, some chili or hot sauces
Herbs: Dried or fresh garlic, garlic/onion powder (no salt), dill, parsley, rosemary, basil, cinnamon, cloves, paprika, oregano, ginger, vinegar, cumin, nutmeg
Most fresh fruits and vegetables, exceptions include celery, carrots, beets, and spinach^{[citation needed]}
Dried beans, peas, rice, lentils
Macaroni, pasta, noodles, rice, barley (cooked in unsalted water)
Honey, sugar
Unsalted butter
Unsalted dry curd cottage cheese
Fresh beef, pork, lamb, fish, shrimp, egg
Milk, yogurt
Hot cereals
Club soda, coffee, seltzer water, soy milk, tea^[10]

References

^ Heart Failure Society of America, How to follow a low sodium diet
^ Implementing recommendations for dietary salt reduction: Where are we? DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1428929096.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, RS; Ashton, KE; Moxham, T; Hooper, L; Ebrahim, S (Jul 6, 2011). "Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (7): CD009217. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009217. PMID 21735439.
^ Dinicolantonio, JJ; Pasquale, PD; Taylor, RS; Hackam, DG (Jan 24, 2013). "Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis.". Heart (British Cardiac Society). doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302337. PMID 22914535.
^ no author given (June 2013). "Retraction. Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. Published Online First: 21 August 2012 doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302337". Heart 99 (11): 820. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301156.29ret. PMID 23640983. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
^ amarcus41. "Heart pulls sodium meta-analysis over duplicated, and now missing, data". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
^ ^a ^b He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004937. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004937 PMID 15266549
^ NIH Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
^ Sodium, Your Health, and Your Drinking Water by Gene Shaparenko, Aqua Technology Water Stores
^ Sodium: Are you getting too much? Mayo Clinic

External links

Low sodium diet tips

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Home blood pressure monitor use in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Ye X1, Shafi S2, Negrete A3, Davis WN3, Sarac E1,4, Negrete AM5, Negrete H1.
Blood pressure.Blood Press.2016 Oct;25(5):280-5. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2016.1167356. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension (HTN). However, little is known about the use and pattern of HBPM in CKD patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an out-patient nephrology clinic. A total of 285 patients pa
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Quadratic adaptive algorithm for solving cardiac action potential models.

Chen MH1, Chen PY2, Luo CH3.
Computers in biology and medicine.Comput Biol Med.2016 Oct 1;77:261-73. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.09.001. Epub 2016 Sep 5.
An adaptive integration method is proposed for computing cardiac action potential models accurately and efficiently. Time steps are adaptively chosen by solving a quadratic formula involving the first and second derivatives of the membrane action potential. To improve the numerical accuracy, we devi
PMID 27639239

Altered cardiovascular function at birth in growth-restricted preterm lambs.

Polglase GR1,2, Allison BJ1,2, Coia E1, Li A1, Jenkin G1,2, Malhotra A1,3, Sehgal A1,3, Kluckow M4, Gill AW5, Hooper SB1,2, Miller SL1,2.
Pediatric research.Pediatr Res.2016 Oct;80(4):538-46. doi: 10.1038/pr.2016.104. Epub 2016 May 16.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular dysfunction at birth may underlie poor outcomes after fetal growth restriction (FGR) in neonates. We compared the cardiovascular transition between FGR and appropriately grown (AG) preterm lambs and examined possible mechanisms underlying any cardiovascular dysfunction in
PMID 27356081

Japanese Journal

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Concurrent with Liver Disease in a Dog

KANG Min-Hee,PARK Hee-Myung
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1112110721, 2011
… The clinical signs worsened with the development of hyponatremia with hypo-osmolality and elevated urine sodium levels. … Immunosuppressive therapy and water restriction resolved the clinical signs and improved the SIADH in this dog. …
NAID 130001410512

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リンク元	「減塩」「塩分制限」「hypochloric」
拡張検索	「sodium restriction-hydrochlorothiazide-spironolactone loading test」
関連記事	「restriction」