shiver

• n.

• (発熱による)震え、悪寒

　 　 　

WordNet

1. shake, as from cold; "The children are shivering--turn on the heat!" (同)shudder
2. cold enough to cause shivers; "felt all shivery"; "shivery weather"
3. a knife used as a weapon

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (寒さ・恐れなどで)『震える』,おののく《+『with』(『from』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉 / 〈C〉『震え』,身震い / 《the shivers》寒け,悪寒(おかん)
2. …‘を'粉みじんに砕く / 粉みじんに砕ける / 破片,かけら
3. 寒さ・恐怖などで)身震いする,寒けのする;(気候が)寒い

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/04 15:19:49」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Shiver" redirects here. For other uses, see Shiver (disambiguation).

Shivering (also called rigors or shuddering) is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia or just feeling cold in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles around begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy. Shivering can also be a response to a fever, as a person may feel cold. During fever the hypothalamic set point for temperature is raised. The increased set point causes the body temperature to rise (pyrexia), but also makes the patient feel cold until the new set point is reached. Rigor occurs because the patient's body is effectively shivering in a physiological attempt to increase body temperature to the new set point.

Located in the posterior hypothalamus near the wall of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for shivering. This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord. Therefore, this center becomes activated when the body temperature falls even a fraction of a degree below a critical temperature level.

Increased muscular activity results in the generation of heat as a byproduct. Most often, when the purpose of the muscle activity is to produce motion, the heat is wasted energy. In shivering, the heat is the main intended product and is utilized for warmth.

Shivering can also appear after surgery. This is known as postanesthetic shivering.

Newborn babies, infants, and young children experience a greater (net) heat loss than adults because they cannot shiver to maintain body heat. They rely on non-shivering thermogenesis. Children have an increased amount of brown adipose tissue (increased vascular supply, and high mitochondrial density), and, when cold-stressed, will have greater oxygen consumption and will release norepinephrine. Norepinephrine will react with lipases in brown fat to break down fat into triglycerides. Triglycerides are then metabolized to glycerol and non-esterified fatty acids. These are then further degraded in the needed heat-generating process to form CO₂ and water. Chemically, in mitochondria the proton gradient producing the proton electromotive force that is ordinarily used to synthesize ATP is instead bypassed to produce heat directly.

See also

• Goose bumps
• Myoclonus
• Tremor
• Frisson

References

External links

• Shivering at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 思春期および成人における労作性熱中症：管理および予防 exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults management and prevention
• 2. 小児における低体温の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of hypothermia in children
• 3. 幼児における非てんかん性発作性障害 nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in infancy
• 4. 妊娠に合併した神経障害 neurologic disorders complicating pregnancy
• 5. 紅皮症 erythroderma

English Journal

• Brite/beige fat and UCP1 - is it thermogenesis?

• Keipert S1, Jastroch M2.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jul;1837(7):1075-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.008. Epub 2014 Feb 14.
• The presence of two distinct types of adipose tissue, which have opposing functions, has been known for decades. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the main tissue of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat and is required for non-shivering thermoregulation. In the last
• PMID 24530356

• Menopausal hot flashes: Mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment.

• Freedman RR.
• The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2014 Jul;142C:115-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.010. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
• Hot flashes (HFs) are a rapid and exaggerated heat dissipation response, consisting of profuse sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and feelings of intense, internal heat. They are triggered by small elevations in core body temperature (Tc) acting within a greatly reduced thermoneutral zone, i.e., the
• PMID 24012626

• Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia.

• Alderson P1, Campbell G, Smith AF, Warttig S, Nicholson A, Lewis SR.
• The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014 Jun 4;6:CD009908. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia occurs because of interference with normal temperature regulation by anaesthetic drugs and exposure of skin for prolonged periods. A number of different interventions have been proposed to maintain body temperature by reducing heat loss. Thermal insu
• PMID 24895945

• Brown adipose tissue during puberty and with aging.

• Rogers NH.
• Annals of medicine.Ann Med.2014 Jun 3:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
• It was previously assumed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in humans only for a short period following birth, the time in which mechanisms of generating heat by way of shivering are not yet developed. Although BAT is maximally recruited in early infancy, findings in recent years have led t
• PMID 24888388

Japanese Journal

• A prospective comparison of ultrasound-guided and blindly placed radial arterial catheters

• SHIVER S
• Acad Emerg Med 13, 1275-1279, 2006
• NAID 30022445106

• フィリップ・レヴィーン『息』について:死ぬ運命への震え

• Toskar Stephen
• 北海道文教大学論集 (6), 25-36, 2005-03-00
• NAID 40007001875

• Progression of Flagellar Stages during Artificially Delayed Motility Initiation in Sea Urchin Sperm(Cell Biology)

• Ohmuro Junko,Mogami Yoshihiro,Baba Shoji A.
• Zoological science 21(11), 1099-1108, 2004-11-25
• … Initially straight and immotile flagella began to shiver at low amplitude, then propagated exclusively the principal bend (P bend), and finally started stable flagellar beating. …
• NAID 110006281281

• Recent advances in the development of HIV-1 vaccines using replication-incompetent adenovirus vectors

• SHIVER JW
• Annu Rev Med 55, 355-372, 2004
• NAID 30022134245

Related Links

• Amazon.co.jp： SHIVER: 音楽

ビジュアルロックのカリスマモンスター、電撃移籍!!ビジュアルロックのカリスマ“the GazettE”がSony Musicに電撃移籍を発表!これまで日本武道館、代々木第一体育館、東京ビッグサイト、幕張メッセ、さいたまスーパーアリーナといった ...

• Shiver(シヴァー) | vkdb.jp -ヴィジュアル系データベース-

「Shiver(シヴァー)」活動時のメンバーの経歴、バンド動向や音源を紹介。元メンバーのその後の情報も募集中です。 ... Shiver （ シヴァー ） [インディーズで解散] [サ行] [中四国] [過去在籍/S'CUBE] 活動時期 … 1997/06/**~2000/12/01

• shiver -ニコニコ動画:GINZA - niconico

「shiver」を"ニコニコ動画"で検索！日本最大級の動画サービス「niconico」で動画をみよう！ ... 蟲師 続章のOPにもなったLucy RoseのShiverですゆったりとした曲調にPVも物悲しくも綺麗で蟲師の雰囲気とよく合っています

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「肺膿瘍」

「肺膿瘍」

　　[★]

英

lung abscess, pulmonary abscess

概念

• 肺化膿症の一つで、広義の肺炎である。　→　肺化膿症と同義に使われている印象がある。
• 肺実質の壊死を来たし、膿瘍・空洞を形成する。
• ニボー像が特徴的

病原体

• 嫌気性菌が最多。
• 黄色ブドウ球菌、クレブシエラ、大腸菌、緑膿菌も原因となる。

治療

• 薬物療法：病原体が特定されれば感受性のある抗菌薬を、不明であれば広域スペクトルの抗菌薬を用いる(セフェム系抗菌薬、クリンダマイシン、カルバペネム系抗菌薬)
• 外科療法：難治例に対して空洞切開術、肺葉切除

USMLE

• Q book p.289 8
• A patient develops an acute febrile illness with shivers, nonproductive cough, and pleuritic chest pain. Five days later, he presents to the emergency department after abruptly having "cough up" nearly a cup of blood-stained sputum.