血清脂質

WordNet

(botany) either of the two parts of a bilabiate corolla or calyx
either the outer margin or the inner margin of the aperture of a gastropods shell
either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking
an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates) (同)lipide, lipoid
an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates (同)blood_serum

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『くちびる』,口もと / 《複数形で》(発音器官としての)くちびる,口 / 〈U〉《俗》生意気な言葉 / 〈C〉(容器などの)口,へり,縁;(峡谷・火山などの)口 / 〈C〉(植物の)唇弁(しんべん)
脂質,あぶら
リンパ液 / 血清
serial / series / sermon

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/26 11:48:04」(JST)

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Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules. They are mostly transported in a protein capsule^{[citation needed]}, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells. Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol. Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.^{[citation needed]}

1 Fatty acids
- 1.1 Intestine intake
- 1.2 Cell uptake
- 1.3 Cell secretion
2 Cholesterol
- 2.1 Intestine intake
- 2.2 In lipoproteins
- 2.3 Intestine excretion
- 2.4 Cell uptake
- 2.5 Cell secretion
3 Related medical conditions
- 3.1 Hyperlipidemia
- 3.2 Hypercholesterolemia
- 3.3 Hypocholesterolemia
4 See also
5 References

Fatty acids

Intestine intake

Main article: Fat Digestion

Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat of lipoproteins) into a compound called a chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver).

In any case, the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal.

Cell uptake

After a meal, when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises, there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body, mainly liver cells, adipocytes and muscle cells. This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas. As a result, the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal.

Cell secretion

After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again secreted into the blood.^[1]

In addition, when long time has passed since the last meal, the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases, which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids, in order to supply e.g. muscle cells with energy.

In any case, also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body, until entering fatty acid metabolism^{[clarification needed]}.

Cholesterol

Main article: Cholesterol

The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins, where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines.

The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be: <200 mg/dl normal blood cholesterol, 200–239 mg/dl borderline-high, >240 mg/dl high cholesterol.^[2]

The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age, typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old. There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans, more, on average, in winter.^[3] These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake.^[4]^[5]

Intestine intake

Main article: Synthesis and intake

In lipid digestion, cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine, which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph. The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor-related proteins.

In lipoproteins

Main article: Lipoprotein

Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the water-based bloodstream. Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins - protein "molecular-suitcases" that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied.

The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides. In the liver, chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol. The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate density lipoproteins(IDL), which thereafter are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and non-esterified fatty acids, which can affect other body cells. In healthy individuals, the relatively few LDL particles are large. In contrast, large numbers of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries. For this reason, LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol".

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles transport cholesterol back to the liver for excretion, but vary considerably in their effectiveness for doing this^{[citation needed]}. Having large numbers of large HDL particles correlates with better health outcomes, and hence it is commonly called "good cholesterol". In contrast, having small amounts of large HDL particles is independently associated with atheromatous disease progression within the arteries.

Intestine excretion

After being transported to the liver by HDL, cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production. However, 92-97% is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation.

Cell uptake

Main article: Synthesis and intake

Cholesterol circulates in the blood in low-density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis in clathrin-coated pits, and then hydrolysed in lysosomes.

Cell secretion

Main article: Synthesis and intake

In response to low blood cholesterol, different cells of the body, mainly in the liver and intestines, start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl-CoA by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This is then released into the blood.

Related medical conditions

Hyperlipidemia

Main article: Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.

Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population, and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol, especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia.^[6]

Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins.

Hypercholesterolemia

Main article: Hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.^[6] It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families, where sufferers cannot properly metabolise cholesterol.

Hypocholesterolemia

Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are termed hypocholesterolemia. Research into the causes of this state is relatively limited, and while some studies suggest a link with depression, cancer and cerebral hemorrhage it is unclear whether the low cholesterol levels are a cause for these conditions or an epiphenomenon[1].

References

^ Molecular cell biology. Lodish, Harvey F. 5. ed. : - New York : W. H. Freeman and Co., 2003. Page 321. b ill. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3
^ , (1988). "Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. The Expert Panel". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (1): 36–69. doi:10.1001/archinte.148.1.36. PMID 3422148.
^ Ockene IS, Chiriboga DE, Stanek EJ 3rd, Harmatz MG, Nicolosi R, Saperia G, Well AD, Freedson P, Merriam PA, Reed G, Ma Y, Matthews CE, Hebert JR. (2004). "Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels: treatment implications and possible mechanisms.". Arch Intern Med 164 (8): 863–70. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.8.863. PMID 15111372.
^ MacRury, SM; Muir, M; Hume, R (1992). "Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C: effect of vitamin C supplementation". Scottish medical journal 37 (2): 49–52. PMID 1609267. edit
^ Dobson, HM; Muir, MM; Hume, R (1984). "The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels". Scottish medical journal 29 (3): 176–82. PMID 6533789. edit
^ ^a ^b Durrington P (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096.

UpToDate Contents

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2. 高トリグリセリド血症患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with hypertriglyceridemia
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5. LDLコレステロール代謝の遺伝性疾患 inherited disorders of ldl cholesterol metabolism

English Journal

Beneficial effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice on livers of high-fat dietary hamsters.

Lin YL, Chang YY, Yang DJ, Tzang BS, Chen YC.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Sep 1;140(1-2):31-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.035. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Polyphenols in noni juice (NJ) are mainly composed of phenolic acids, mainly gentisic, p-hydroxybenoic, and chlorogenic acids. To investigate the beneficial effects of NJ on the liver, hamsters were fed with two diets, normal-fat and high-fat diets. Furthermore, high-fat dietary hamsters were receiv
PMID 23578611

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and liver protective effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves.

Sunil C, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi NA.SourceDivision of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, India.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):860-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.041. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and liver protective effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves. In in vitro antioxidant study, the free radical scavenging effect of friedelin on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl,
PMID 23561182

The effect of interesterification on the bioavailability of fatty acids in structured lipids.

Farfán M, Villalón MJ, Ortíz ME, Nieto S, Bouchon P.SourceDepartment of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 360, 6904411, Chile.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):571-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.024. Epub 2013 Jan 23.
Fatty acid (FA) profile is a critical factor in the nutritional properties of fats, but, stereochemistry may also play a fundamental role in the rate and extent to which FAs are absorbed and become available. To better understand this phenomenon, we evaluated the bioavailability of FAs in linseed-oi
PMID 23561147

Japanese Journal

Association of ADRB2 polymorphism with triglyceride levels in Tongans

Naka Izumi,Ohashi Jun,Kimura Ryosuke,Inaoka Tsukasa,Matsumura Yasuhiro,大橋順
Lipids in health and disease 12, 110, 2013-07-00
… polymorphism (SNP) rs34623097 located in the upstream region of the β2 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) is significantly associated with risk for obesity in Oceanic populations.MethodsTo investigate whether the ADRB2 polymorphisms explain part of the individual differences in lipid mobilization, energy expenditure and glycogen breakdown, the associations of 10 ADRB2 SNPs with total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were examined in 128 adults in Tonga.ResultsA multiple linear …
NAID 120005323062

Improvement of the Efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Treatment in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma HSC-4

Yamamoto Masanao,Fujita Hirofumi,Katase Naoki,Inoue Keiji,Nagatsuka Hitoshi,Utsumi Kozo,Sasaki Junzo,Ohuchi Hideyo
Acta Medica Okayama 67(3), 153-164, 2013-06-00
… In addition, serum enhances PpIX export by ABCG2. … We investigated here whether and how inhibitors of FECH and ABCG2 and their combination could improve PpIX accumulation and PDT efficacy in an oral cancer cell line in serum-containing medium. … ABCG2 inhibitor and the combination of ABCG2 and FECH inhibitors increased PpIX in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in an oral cancer cell line. …
NAID 120005295913

Anti-diabetic Action of 7-O-Galloyl-d-sedoheptulose, a Polyphenol from Corni Fructus, through Ameliorating Inflammation and Inflammation-Related Oxidative Stress in the Pancreas of Type 2 Diabetics

Park Chan Hum,Tanaka Takashi,Yokozawa Takako
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(5), 723-732, 2013-05-01
… After 6 weeks of GS treatment, the effects of GS on serum and pancreatic biochemical factors were investigated. … The results showed that levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in serum were down-regulated, while adiponectin was augmented by GS treatment. … In addition, GS suppressed reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the pancreas, but increased the pancreatic insulin and pancreatic C-peptide contents. …
NAID 120005295876