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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/08 22:19:26」(JST)

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Two serotypes 1a and 1b with antigens 2a and 2b on surface.

A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens, allowing the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.^[1]^[2]^[3] A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes serocomplex.

Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The Salmonella genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Typhi, and S. enterica serovar Dublin.^[2] Vibrio cholerae, the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: 0:1 and 0:139.

Serotypes were discovered by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.^[4]

Role in organ transplantation

Agglutination of HLA-A3 positive red blood cells (RBCs) with anti-A3 alloreactive antisera containing Anti-A3 IgM

The immune system is capable of discerning a cell as being 'self' or 'non-self' according to that cell's serotype. In humans, that serotype is largely determined by human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the human version of the major histocompatibility complex. Cells determined to be non-self are usually recognized by the immune system as foreign, causing an immune response, such as hemagglutination. Serotypes differ widely between individuals; therefore, if cells from one human (or animal) are introduced into another random human, those cells are often determined to be non-self because they do not match the self-serotype. For this reason, transplants between genetically non-identical humans often induce a problematic immune response in the recipient, leading to transplant rejection. In some situations this effect can be reduced by serotyping both recipient and potential donors to determine the closest HLA match.^[5]

Human leukocyte antigens

Serotypes according to HLA (MHC) locus
HLA Locus	# of Serotypes	Broad Antigens	Split Antigens
A	25	4	15
B	50	9
C*	12	1
DR	21	4
DQ	8	2
DP*
*DP and many Cw require SSP-PCR for typing.

Serotyping of Salmonella

The Kauffman–White classification scheme is the basis for naming the manifold serovars of Salmonella. To date, more than 2600 different serotypes have been identified.^[6] A Salmonella serotype is determined by the unique combination of reactions of cell surface antigens. The "O" antigen is determined by the outermost portion of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the "H" antigen is based on the flagellar (protein) antigens.^[7] There are two species of Salmonella: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. Salmonella enterica can be subdivided into six subspecies. The process to identify the serovar of the bacterium consists of finding the formula of cell antigens which represent the variations of the bacteria. First of all, the use of the agglutination method on slides is required in order to get the antigen formula. The agglutination between the antigen and the antibody is made with a specific antisera, which reacts with the antigen to produce a mass. The antigen O is tested with a bacterial suspension from an agar plate whereas the antigen H is tested with a bacterial suspension from a broth culture. The scheme is used to classify the serovar depending on its antigen formula obtained with the reaction of the agglutination.^[8]^[9]

References

^ Baron EJ (1996). Baron S; et al., eds. Classification. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
^ ^a ^b Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ "serovar." The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2007. Houghton Mifflin Company 24 Oct. 2009 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serovar
^ Lancefield RC (1933). "A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI" (abstract). J Exp Med. 57 (4): 571–95. doi:10.1084/jem.57.4.571. PMC 2132252. PMID 19870148.
^ Christoph Frohn, Lutz Fricke, Jan-Christoph Puchta, and Holger Kirchner. The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16: 355-360. http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/2/355
^ Gal-Mor, Ohad; Boyle, Erin C.; Grassl, Guntram A. "Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ". Front Microbiol. 5: 391. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391. PMC 4120697. PMID 25136336.
^ "Serotypes and the Importance of Serotyping Salmonella". CDC. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ "Serotyping". NuiGalway. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ Danan, C. (2009). "Determining the serotype of isolated Salmonella strains in the veterinary sector using the rapid slide agglutination test". Journal of reference (2, CR2-09M01).

External links

HLA Allele and Haplotype Frequency Database

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Distinct Expression Patterns of AAV8 Vectors with Broadly Active Promoters from Subretinal Injections of Neonatal Mouse Eyes at Two Different Ages.

Xiong W1, Cepko C2.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;854:501-7. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_67.
The retinal expression patterns were analyzed following the injection of serotype 8 adeno-associated virus (AAV8) vectors that utilize two broadly active and commonly used sets of transcription regulatory sequences. These include the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early (IE) enhancer/promoter
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Recovery of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from hens initially infected with serovar Kentucky.

Guard J1, Sanchez-Ingunza R2, Shah DH3, Rothrock MJ4, Gast RK4, Jones DR4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Dec 15;189:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.018. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Kentucky differ greatly in epidemiology. We wanted to know if the non-pathogenic serotype Kentucky impacted the recovery of the pathogen Enteritidis from chickens. To explore this issue, 4 groups of hens were treated as follows: (i) hens were inoculated o
PMID 26190605

Insight into neonatal septicaemic Escherichia coli from India with respect to phylogroups, serotypes, virulence, extended-spectrum-β-lactamases and association of ST131 clonal group.

Roy S1, Datta S1, DAS P1, Gaind R2, Pal T3, Tapader R4, Mukherjee S5, Basu S1.
Epidemiology and infection.Epidemiol Infect.2015 Nov;143(15):3266-76. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815000539. Epub 2015 Apr 10.
The study characterizes a collection of 67 neonatal septicaemic Escherichia coli isolates on the basis of phylogroup, serotype, virulence, antibiotic resistance and also the association of CTX-M-producing E. coli and the ST131 clone in a developing country. Phylogroups B2 and D were predominant (33%
PMID 25858453

Japanese Journal

Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 and 2 Responsible for Major Dengue Outbreaks in Nepal: Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiological Features

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97(4), 1062-1069, 2017-10
NAID 120006360305

Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly serotype19A/ST320, which emerged in Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Microbiology and immunology 61(9), 359-370, 2017-09
NAID 40021326025

症例報告初期に起因菌が特定できず鑑別に苦慮した大腸菌O165による溶血性尿毒症症候群

日本小児科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 121(8), 1369-1375, 2017-08
NAID 40021307443

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血清型」「serogroup」「serotypic」「セロタイプ」
拡張検索	「Marek's disease virus serotype 1」「Marek's disease virus serotype 2」「Marek's disease virus serotype 3」
関連記事	「serotyping」