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Two serotypes 1a and 1b with antigens 2a and 2b on surface.

Serotype or serovar are distinct variations within a species of bacteria or viruses or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens, allowing the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.^[1]^[2]^[3] A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes serocomplex.

Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The Salmonella genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Typhi, and S. enterica serovar Dublin.^[2] Vibrio cholerae, the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: 0:1 and 0:139.

Serotypes were discovered by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.^[4]

Role in organ transplantation

Agglutination of HLA-A3 positive red blood cells (RBCs) with anti-A3 alloreactive antisera containing Anti-A3 IgM

The immune system is capable of discerning a cell as being 'self' or 'non-self' according to that cell's serotype. In humans, that serotype is largely determined by human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the human version of the major histocompatibility complex. Cells determined to be non-self are usually recognized by the immune system as foreign, causing an immune response, such as hemagglutination. Serotypes differ widely between individuals; therefore, if cells from one human (or animal) are introduced into another random human, those cells are often determined to be non-self because they do not match the self-serotype. For this reason, transplants between genetically non-identical humans often induce a problematic immune response in the recipient, leading to transplant rejection. In some situations this effect can be reduced by serotyping both recipient and potential donors to determine the closest HLA match.^[5]

Human leukocyte antigens

Serotypes according to HLA (MHC) locus
HLA Locus	# of Serotypes	Broad Antigens	Split Antigens
A	25	4	15
B	50	9
C*	12	1
DR	21	4
DQ	8	2
DP*
*DP and many Cw require SSP-PCR for typing.

Serotyping of Salmonella

The Kauffmann-White classification Scheme is the basis for naming the manifold serovars of Salmonella. To date, more than 2600 different serotypes have been identified.^[6] A Salmonella serotype is determined by the unique combination of reactions of cell surface antigens. The "O" antigen is determined by the outermost portion of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the "H" antigen is based on the flagellar (protein) antigens.^[7] There are two species of Salmonella: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. Salmonella enterica can be subdivided into six subspecies. The process to identify the serovar of the bacterium consists of finding the formula of cell antigens which represent the variations of the bacteria. First of all, the use of the agglutination method on slides is required in order to get the antigen formula. The agglutination between the antigen and the antibody is made with a specific antisera, which reacts with the antigen to produce a mass. The antigen O is tested with a bacteria suspension from an agar plate whereas the antigen H is tested with a bacteria suspension from a broth culture. The scheme is used to classify the serovar depending on its antigen formula obtained with the reaction of the agglutination.^[8]^[9]

References

^ Baron EJ (1996). Classification. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
^ ^a ^b Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ "serovar." The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2007. Houghton Mifflin Company 24 Oct. 2009 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serovar
^ Lancefield RC (1933). "A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI" (abstract). J Exp Med 57 (4): 571–95. doi:10.1084/jem.57.4.571. PMC 2132252. PMID 19870148.
^ Christoph Frohn, Lutz Fricke, Jan-Christoph Puchta, and Holger Kirchner. The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16: 355-360. http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/2/355
^ Gal-Mor, Ohad; Boyle, Erin C.; Grassl, Guntram A. "Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ". PMC. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ "Serotypes and the Importance of Serotyping Salmonella". CDC. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ "Serotyping". NuiGalway. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ Danan, C. (2009). "Determining the serotype of isolated Salmonella strains in the veterinary sector using the rapid slide agglutination test". Journal of reference (No. 2, CR2-09M01). |access-date= requires |url= (help)

External links

HLA Allele and Haplotype Frequency Database

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English Journal

Characterization of V. cholerae T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.

Miller KA1, Chaand M1, Gregoire S1, Yoshida T2, Beck LA2, Ivanov AI3, Dziejman M1.
Cellular microbiology.Cell Microbiol.2016 Dec;18(12):1857-1870. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12629. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
AM-19226 is a pathogenic, non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strain of Vibrio cholerae that uses a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) mediated mechanism to colonize host tissues and disrupt homeostasis, causing cholera. Co-culturing the Caco2-BBE human intestinal epithelial cell line with AM-19226 in the presenc
PMID 27302486

Resolution of a Protracted Serogroup B Meningococcal Outbreak with Whole-Genome Sequencing Shows Interspecies Genetic Transfer.

Mulhall RM1, Brehony C2, O'Connor L3, Meyler K4, Jolley KA2, Bray J2, Bennett D4, Maiden MC2, Cunney R4.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2016 Dec;54(12):2891-2899. Epub 2016 Sep 14.
A carriage study was undertaken (n = 112) to ascertain the prevalence of Neisseria spp. following the eighth case of invasive meningococcal disease in young children (5 to 46 months) and members of a large extended indigenous ethnic minority Traveller family (n = 123), typically associated with high
PMID 27629899

Leptospirosis-Associated Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome with Lower Back Pain as an Initial Symptom.

Søndergaard MM1, Tursunovic A2, Thye-Rønn P3, Bang JC4, Hansen IM1.
The American journal of case reports.Am J Case Rep.2016 Nov 24;17:883-886.
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonosis transmitted through urine of infected animals. Symptoms range from mild influenza-like symptoms to severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS); the latter are often fatal. The serogroup distribution in Denmark has changed from 1988 to 2012, with Icterohaemorrh
PMID 27881835

Japanese Journal

山口県内で飼養される子牛の口腔内における志賀毒素産生性大腸菌の保有状況

亀山光博,矢端順子,野村恭晴,富永潔,冨田正章
Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(1), 73-78, 2014
2006～2009年に，山口県内A農場で飼養される子牛の口腔内における志賀毒素産生性大腸菌（STEC）の保有状況を検討した．186頭のうち24頭（12.9％）から27株のSTECが分離され，O群型は，O26が13株と最も多く，次いで型別不能株（OUT：5株），O8（4株），O111（3株），O119（2株）であった．12薬剤による薬剤感受性試験の結果，24株（89％）が供試した1剤以上に耐性を示し …
NAID 130004640743

Detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in blood cultures from a patient treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor

KAKU Norihito,YANAGIHARA Katsunori,MORINAGA Yoshitomo,SATO Tsuyoshi,NAKASHIMA Munetoshi,SAKAI Takahiro,TOMINAGA Hiroo,WAKIGAWA Fumiko,NAGASHIMA Seiji,FUKUDA Minoru,HASHIGUCHI Kohji,KOHNO Shigeru
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 19(1), 166-170, 2013-02-01
NAID 10031155836

Detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in blood cultures from a patient treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor

Kaku Norihito,Yanagihara Katsunori,Morinaga Yoshitomo,Sato Tsuyoshi,Nakashima Munetoshi,Sakai Takahiro,Tominaga Hiroo,Wakigawa Fumiko,Nagashima Seiji,Fukuda Minoru,Hashiguchi Kohji,Kohno Shigeru
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 19(1), 166-170, 2013-02
… pneumophila serogroup 1. …
NAID 120005230951

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リンク元	「血清型」「血清群」「セログループ」「血清グループ」「serotypic」
拡張検索	「serogroup C meningococci」「serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis」「serogroup W-135 Neisseria meningitidis」