WordNet

move or pour through a funnel; "funnel the liquid into the small bottle"
a conical shape with a wider and a narrower opening at the two ends (同)funnel shape
(nautical) smokestack consisting of a shaft for ventilation or the passage of smoke (especially the smokestack of a ship)
a conically shaped utensil having a narrow tube at the small end; used to channel the flow of substances into a container with a small mouth

PrepTutorEJDIC

じょうご / (機関車・汽船などの)煙突 / …‘に'注ぐ / …‘を'じょうご形にする / 狭い所を通り抜ける
分離する人 / (もみがら・クリームなどの)分離器

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/31 13:40:03」(JST)

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Two funnels: A - Cone, or Pear shaped, B - cylindrical.

Separating funnel. The ether layer with a dissolved yellow compound is on top and an aqueous layer is at the bottom

Apple, banana, carrot, and lettuce extraction using acetone, water, and dichloromethane. Lower layer is the organic layer.

Separatory funnel demonstrating the separation of oil and colored water.

A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture between two immiscible solvent phases of different densities^[1] Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a non-polar lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a crisp delineation between the two liquids.^[2] The two layers formed are usually known as the organic and aqueous phase.^[3] Most organic solvents float on top of an aqueous phase, though important exceptions are most halogenated solvents.^[4] The organic solvent used for the extraction must not react with the substance to be extracted and with water. As well it should also have a low boiling point so it can be easily removed from the product.^[5]

A separating funnel has the shape of a cone surmounted by a hemisphere. It has a stopper at the top and stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Separating funnels used in laboratories are typically made from borosilicate glass and their stopcocks are made from glass or PTFE. Typical sizes are between 50 mL and 3 L. In industrial chemistry they can be much bigger and for much larger volumes centrifuges are used. The sloping sides are designed to facilitate the identification of the layers. The stopcock-controlled outlet is designed to drain the liquid out of the funnel. On top of the funnel there is a standard taper joint which fits with a ground glass or Teflon Stopper.^[6]

To use a separatory funnel, the two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the tap carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom tap are then opened and the two phases are released by gravitation.

Before using the separatory funnel, make sure it is placed safely in a ring stand. As well place an Erlenmeyer flask below the separatory funnel to ensure that any drops which may leak out of the funnel be caught in the flask. Finally, it is of vital importance to make sure that the stopcock is tightly closed.^[7]

Emulsions

The Emulsions can be formed meanwhile the solutions or liquids are being mixed in the separatory funnel. This occurs when a small droplet is suspended in a water solution. These can be difficult to disperse. Once the emulsions are formed, try to slowly swirl the solution in the separatory funnel. If the emulsions are not evenly eliminated, then try to add a small amount of aqueous sodium chloride.^[8]

References

^ http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/elements-compounds/separating-funnel-use.php
^ http://chem.allegheny.edu/chem231/sep%20funnel%20primer.pdf
^ http://chem.allegheny.edu/chem231/sep%20funnel%20primer.pdf
^ http://www.chem.ucla.edu/%7Ebacher/General/30BL/tips/Sepfunnel.html
^ http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/Techniques/Extraction/extraction.html
^ http://orgchem.colorado.edu/equipment/glassware/sepfun.html
^ http://faculty.ycp.edu/~ttao/Home/Extraction.html
^ http://www.uwplatt.edu/chemep/chem/chemscape/labdocs/catofp/mixpour/sepfunl/sepfunl.htm

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English Journal

Complete validation of a unique digestion assay to detect Trichinella larvae in horse meat demonstrates the reliability of this assay for meeting food safety and trade requirements.

Forbes LB, Hill DE, Parker S, Tessaro SV, Gamble HR, Gajadhar AA.Author information Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Saskatoon Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. lforbes@inspection.gc.caAbstractA tissue digestion assay using a double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of Trichinella larvae in horse meat was validated for application in food safety programs and trade. The assay consisted of a pepsin-HCl digestion step to release larvae from muscle tissue and two sequential sedimentation steps in separatory funnels to recover and concentrate larvae for detection with a stereomicroscope. With defined critical control points, the assay was conducted within a quality assurance system compliant with International Organization for Standardization-International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 17025 guidelines. Samples used in the validation were obtained from horses experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis to obtain a range of muscle larvae densities. One-, 5-, and 10-g samples of infected tissue were combined with 99, 95, and 90 g, respectively, of known negative horse tissue to create a 100-g sample for testing. Samples of 5 and 10 g were more likely to be positive than were 1-g samples when larval densities were less than three larvae per gram (lpg). This difference is important because ingested meat with 1 lpg is considered the threshold for clinical disease in humans. Using a 5-g sample size, all samples containing 1.3 to 2 lpg were detected, and 60 to 100% of samples with infected horse meat containing 0.1 to 0.7 lpg were detected. In this study, the double separatory funnel digestion assay was efficient and reliable for its intended use in food safety and trade. This procedure is the only digestion assay for Trichinella in horse meat that has been validated as consistent and effective at critical levels of sensitivity.
Journal of food protection.J Food Prot.2008 Mar;71(3):558-63.
A tissue digestion assay using a double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of Trichinella larvae in horse meat was validated for application in food safety programs and trade. The assay consisted of a pepsin-HCl digestion step to release larvae from muscle tissue and two sequential sedime
PMID 18389700

Determination of toxic carbonyl compounds in cigarette smoke.

Fujioka K, Shibamoto T.Author information Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.AbstractToxic carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, malonaldehyde, and glyoxal, formed in mainstream cigarette smoke were quantified by derivatization-solid phase extraction-gas chromatography methods. Cigarette smoke from 14 commercial brands and one reference (2R1F) was drawn into a separatory funnel containing aqueous phosphate-buffered saline. Reactive carbonyl compounds trapped in the buffer solution were derivatized into stable nitrogen containing compounds (pyrazoles for beta-dicarbonyl and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde; quinoxalines for alpha-dicarbonyls; and thiazolidines for alkanals). After derivatives were recovered using C(18) solid phase extraction cartridges, they were analyzed quantitatively by a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The total carbonyl compounds recovered from regular size cigarettes ranged from 1.92 mg/cigarette(-1) to 3.14 mg/cigarette(-1). The total carbonyl compounds recovered from a reference cigarette and a king size cigarette were 3.23 mg/cigarette(-1) and 3.39 mg/cigarette(-1), respectively. The general decreasing order of the carbonyl compounds yielded was acetaldehyde (1110-2101 microg/cigarette(-1)) > diacetyl (301-433 microg/cigarette(-1)), acrolein (238-468 microg/cigarette(-1)) > formaldehyde (87.0-243 microg/cigarette(-1)), propanal (87.0-176 microg/cigarette(-1)) > malonaldehyde (18.9-36.0 microg/cigarette(-1)), methylglyoxal (13.4-59.6 microg/cigarette(-1)) > glyoxal (1.93-6.98 microg/cigarette(-1)).
Environmental toxicology.Environ Toxicol.2006 Feb;21(1):47-54.
Toxic carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, malonaldehyde, and glyoxal, formed in mainstream cigarette smoke were quantified by derivatization-solid phase extraction-gas chromatography methods. Cigarette smoke from 14 commercial brands and one reference (2R1F) was drawn into a separatory funne
PMID 16463255

Aqueous two-phase extraction of nickel dimethylglyoximato complex and its application to spectrophotometric determination of nickel in stainless steel.

Yoshikuni N, Baba T, Tsunoda N, Oguma K.Author information Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.AbstractA polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous two-phase system has been established for the extraction of Ni-dimethylglyoximato complex. Appropriate amounts of PEG solution and solid (NH(4))(2)SO(4) were added to the Ni-dimethylglyoximato complex which had been formed in the presence of sodium tartrate and K(2)S(2)O(8) at pH 12 in a separatory funnel and shaken vigorously for about 1min. The mixture was allowed to stand for 10min and then the absorbance of the extracted complex in the upper PEG-rich phase was measured at 470nm. Beer's law was obeyed over the range of 0.26-2.1ppm Ni. The proposed extraction method has been applied to the determination of Ni in steel. A steel sample was decomposed with an appropriate acid mixture. An aliquot of the sample solution was taken, treated with H(3)PO(4) and most of the iron and copper were removed by hydroxide precipitation using solid BaCO(3) to control the pH of the sample solution in advance of the extraction of Ni. The analytical results obtained for Ni in steel certified reference material JSS 650-10 (The Japan Iron and Steel Federation), BCS 323 (Bureau of Analysed Samples Ltd.) and NIST SRM 361 and 362 (National Institute of Standards and Technology) were in good agreement with certified values.
Talanta.Talanta.2005 Mar 31;66(1):40-4. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.09.014. Epub 2004 Nov 23.
A polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous two-phase system has been established for the extraction of Ni-dimethylglyoximato complex. Appropriate amounts of PEG solution and solid (NH(4))(2)SO(4) were added to the Ni-dimethylglyoximato complex which had been formed in the presence of sodium tartrate
PMID 18969959