スカベンジャー、捕捉剤

関: sequestrant

WordNet

a chemical agent that is added to a chemical mixture to counteract the effects of impurities
any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter
feed on carrion or refuse; "hyenas scavenge"
remove unwanted substances from (同)clean
clean refuse from; "Scavenge a street"

PrepTutorEJDIC

腐肉を常食とする動物(ハゲタカ(vulture)・ハイエナ(hyena)など) / (食物や金目のものを探して)ごみあさりをする人
〈腐肉〉‘を'食べる;〈食物・使える物など〉‘を'ごみの中からあさる / 《英》〈街路など〉‘を'そうじする / 腐肉を食べる;ごみあさりをする / 《英》ごみさらいをする

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/27 20:11:13」(JST)

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Sarcophaga nodosa, a species of flesh fly feeding on decaying meat.

Scavenging is both a carnivorous and a herbivorous feeding behavior in which the scavenger feeds on dead animal and plant material present in its habitat.^[1] The eating of carrion from the same species is referred to as cannibalism. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming the dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.

Etymology

Scavenger is an alteration of scavager, from Middle English skawager meaning "customs collector", from skawage meaning "customs", from Old North French escauwage meaning "inspection", from escauwer meaning "to inspect", of Germanic origin; akin to Old English scēawian meaning "to look at", and modern English "show" (with semantic drift).

Animals

Gyps fulvus eating the carcass of a red deer in Spain

Well-known scavengers of animal material include vultures, burying beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets, and raccoons. Many large carnivores that hunt regularly, such as hyenas, but also animals rarely thought of as scavengers, such as lions and wolves, will scavenge if given the chance. They may also use their size and ferocity to intimidate the original hunters (the cheetah is a notable exception). Almost all scavengers above insect size will hunt if not enough carrion is available, as few ecosystems provide enough dead animals year-round to keep its scavengers fed on that alone. Scavenger dogs and crows frequently exploit roadkill. Despite its reputation as a ferocious freshwater predator, the red-bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger, fulfilling a role similar to vultures on land. Scavengers of dead plant material include termites that build nests in grasslands and then collect dead plant material for consumption within the nest. The interaction between scavenging animals and humans is seen today most commonly in suburban settings with animals such as opossums, pole cats, and raccoons. In some African towns and villages, scavenging from hyenas is also common.

Animals which consume feces, such as dung beetles, are referred to as coprovores. Animals that collect small particles of dead organic material of both animal and plant origin are referred to as detritivores.

As a human behavior

Men scavenging a dead horse during World War II (at the end of the Battle of Berlin), on Manfred-von-Richthofen-Straße in Tempelhof borough, 1945

In humans, necrophagy is taboo in most societies. Many instances have occurred in history, especially in war times, where necrophagy was a survival behavior.

In the 1950s, Louis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting.^[2] In 2010, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman however proposed that early humans used long-distance running to hunt, pursuing a single animal until it died of exhaustion and hyperthermia. Such behavior has been suggested as an adaptation to ensure a food supply that in turn made large brains possible.

The eating of human meat, a practice known as anthropophagy (and known across all species more commonly as cannibalism), is extremely taboo in almost every culture.

Occupation

Scavenger appears as an occupation in the 1911 Census of England and Wales. This job title was used to describe someone who cleans the streets and removes refuse, generally a workman (a modern-day garbage collector, janitor, or street cleaner) employed by the local public health authority. The name is properly "scavager" or "scaveger", an official who was concerned with the receipt of custom duties and the inspection (scavage) of imported goods. The "scavagers" are found with such officials of the City of London as an aleconner or beadle. These officials seem to have been charged also with the cleaning of the streets, and the name superseded the older rakyer for those who performed this duty.^[3] These professions are essential to urban settings operating at the highest capacity. The garbage collection jobs and scavenging professions allow urban populations to continue unhindered by outbreaks and disease most commonly brought by the build-up of physical waste. These jobs were of the most importance before the time of functional sewer systems and indoor plumbing.

Gallery

Vultures feed on a carcass of a wildebeest
A Jungle Crow feeding on a small dead shark
Coyote feeding on an elk carcass in winter in Lamar Valley, near Yellowstone National Park
A white shark scavenging on a whale carcass
A polar bear scavenging a narwhal whale carcass
An Ibiza wall lizard scavenging on fish scraps leftover from another predator
Red weaver ants feeding on a dead African giant snail

References

^ Getz, W. (2011). Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer–resource modelling. Ecology Letters, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x.
^ Binford, Louis. R. (1986) Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:235-257.
^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
Smith TM, Smith RL (2006) Elements of Ecology. Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
Chase, et al. The Scavenger Handbook. Bramblewood Press, Santa Barbara, CA.
Rufus, Anneli and Lawson, Kristan. The Scavengers' Manifesto. Tarcher, New York.
"Tasmanian devil". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.

Kruuk, H. Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

External links

Stitching a Life From the Scraps of Others - slideshow by The New York Times

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Photo-Fenton degradation of non-ionic surfactant and its mixture with cationic or anionic surfactant.

Ono E, Tokumura M, Kawase Y.Sourcea Research Center for Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry , Toyo University , Kawagoe , Saitama , Japan.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng.2012 Jul 1;47(8):1087-95.
The oxidative degradation of non-ionic surfactants by the photo-Fenton process has been examined. The photo-Fenton degradation kinetics of mixtures of non-ionic surfactant and other type surfactants has been also investigated since mixtures of non-ionic and ionic surfactants are commonly used to uti
PMID 22506701

Catalytic ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using alumina in the presence of a radical scavenger.

Guzman-Perez CA, Soltan J, Robertson J.Sourcea Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes.J Environ Sci Health B.2012 Jul;47(6):544-52.
Using a laboratory-scale mixed reactor, the performance of alumina in degrading 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with ozone in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol radical scavenger was studied. The operating variables investigated were the dose of alumina catalyst and solution pH. Results showed that u
PMID 22494378

Transcription of genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis in the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis exposed to metals.

Franchi N, Ferro D, Ballarin L, Santovito G.SourceDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2012 Jun 15;114-115:14-22. Epub 2012 Feb 18.
Exposure to metals is known to generate oxidative stress risk in living organisms, which are able to respond with the induction of antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Glutathione (GSH) is considered to be an important cellular component involved in protecting cells, both as metal
PMID 22417760

Japanese Journal

Characterization and Radio-resistant Function of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase of Rubrobacter radiotolerans

TERATO Hiroaki,SUZUKI Katsuyuki,NISHIOKA Nobuhiro,OKAMOTO Atsushi,SHIMAZAKI TOKUYAMA Yuka,INOUE Yuko,SAITO Takeshi
Journal of radiation research 52(6), 735-742, 2011-11-16
… To understand the molecular mechanism of the high radio-resistance, we purified and characterized superoxide dismutase (SOD) of this organism as enzymatic radical scavenger, and then analyzed its genetic information. …
NAID 10029652943

SR-PSOX/CXCL16 plays a critical role in the progression of colonic inflammation.

Uza Norimitsu,Nakase Hiroshi,Yamamoto Shuji,Yoshino Takuya,Takeda Yasuhiro,Ueno Satoru,Inoue Satoko,Mikami Sakae,Matsuura Minoru,Shimaoka Takeshi,Kume Noriaki,Minami Manabu,Yonehara Shin,Ikeuchi Hiroki,Chiba Tsutomu
Gut 60(11), 1494-1505, 2011-11
… SR-PSOX/CXCL16, a scavenger receptor that binds phosphatidylserine and oxidised lipoprotein, has both phagocytic activity and chemotactic properties. …
NAID 120003497105

Cell penetrating peptide-mediated systemic siRNA delivery to the liver

Hayashi Yasuhiro,Yamauchi Jun,Khalil Ikramy A.,Kajimoto Kazuaki,Akita Hidetaka,Harashima Hideyoshi
International Journal of Pharmaceutics 419(1-2), 308-313, 2011-10-31
… In this study, SR-BI (a scavenger receptor class B, member 1) was targeted by this nanoparticle. …
NAID 120003504743

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「sequestrant」
拡張検索	「class A scavenger receptor」「free radical scavenger」「radical scavenger」「scavenger receptors」
関連記事	「scavenge」