WordNet
- plant by the roots
- (botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
- a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number
- cause to take roots
- take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly"
- (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem" (同)root word, base, stem, theme, radical
- the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support (同)tooth_root
- come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression"
- filamentous hairlike growth on a plant; "peach fuzz" (同)fuzz, tomentum
- a filamentous projection or process on an organism
- any of the cylindrical filaments characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal; "there is a hair in my soup" (同)pilus
- a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss; "he combed his hair"; "each hair consists of layers of dead keratinized cells"
- a game played on ice in which heavy stones with handles are slid toward a target
- the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; "his roots in Texas go back a long way"; "he went back to Sweden to search for his roots"; "his music has African roots"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《しばしば複数形で》『根』 / 『根元』 / 《the~》『根源』,根本;根底 / 《複数形で》(その人の根底にある)ある場所との根源的なつながり / (数学で)根,ルート / (派生語の)語根(例えばrootlessの中のroot) / 〈植物〉‘を'『根づかせる』 / 《しばしば受動態で》(根をおろしたように)(…に)…‘を'『定着させる』『+『名』+『to』(『in』)+『名』》 / (…に)『根を下ろす』,定着する《+『in』(『on』,『to』)+『名』》
- 〈豚などが〉(…をあさって)鼻で地面を掘る《+『about』(『around』)『for』+『名』》 / (…を捜して)〈人が〉かき回す《+『about for』+『名』》
- (…を)声援する,(…の)成功を願う《+『for』+『名』》
- 〈C〉(人間・動物の1本の)『毛』;(植物・昆虫などの)毛 / 〈U〉《集合的に》『髪の毛』,毛,毛髪;(動物の)体毛 / 《a~》1本の毛ほどの量(距離,程度),ごくわずか
- カーリング(氷上で石盤を滑らせて目標に当てるスコットランドの遊び)
- おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
- hectare; hectares
UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 脱毛の評価および診断 evaluation and diagnosis of hair loss
- 2. 瘢痕性脱毛症（CCCA） central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
- 3. 無駄毛の除毛 removal of unwanted hair
- 4. 多発神経根症：脊柱管狭窄症、感染症、癌、および炎症性神経根症候群 polyradiculopathy spinal stenosis infectious carcinomatous and inflammatory nerve root syndromes
- 5. 休止期脱毛 telogen effluvium
English Journal
- Microtubule array formation during root hair infection thread initiation and elongation in the Mesorhizobium-Lotus symbiosis.
- Perrine-Walker FM1, Lartaud M, Kouchi H, Ridge RW.Author information 1Department of Life Science, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan, f.perrine-walker@latrobe.edu.au.AbstractNuclear migration during infection thread (IT) development in root hairs is essential for legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. However, little is known about the relationships between IT formation, nuclear migration, and microtubule dynamics. To this aim, we used transgenic Lotus japonicus expressing a fusion of the green fluorescent protein and tubulin-α6 from Arabidopsis thaliana to visualize in vivo dynamics of cortical microtubules (CMT) and endoplasmic microtubules (EMTs) in root hairs in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti inoculation. We also examined the effect of microtubule-depolymerizing herbicide, cremart, on IT initiation and growth, since cremart is known to inhibit nuclear migration. In live imaging studies of M. loti-treated L. japonicus root hairs, EMTs were found in deformed, curled, and infected root hairs. The continuous reorganization of the EMT array linked to the nucleus appeared to be essential for the reorientation, curling, and IT initiation and the growth of zone II root hairs which are susceptible to rhizobial infection. During IT initiation, the EMTs appeared to be linked to the root hair surface surrounding the M. loti microcolonies. During IT growth, EMTs dissociated from the curled root hair tip, remained linked to the nucleus, and appeared to surround the IT tip. Lack or disorganized EMT arrays that were no longer linked to the nucleus were observed only in infection-aborted root hairs. Cremart affected IT formation and nodulation in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the microtubule (MT) organization and successive nuclear migration are essential for successful nodulation in L. japonicus by M. loti.
- Protoplasma.Protoplasma.2014 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print]
- Nuclear migration during infection thread (IT) development in root hairs is essential for legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. However, little is known about the relationships between IT formation, nuclear migration, and microtubule dynamics. To this aim, we used transgenic Lotus japonicus expressing a fusio
- PMID 24488109
- Endoplasmic reticulum-targeted GFP reveals ER remodeling in Mesorhizobium-treated Lotus japonicus root hairs during root hair curling and infection thread formation.
- Perrine-Walker FM1, Kouchi H, Ridge RW.Author information 1Department of Life Science, Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, 181-8585, Tokyo, Japan, f.perrine-walker@latrobe.edu.au.AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the model legume Lotus japonicus was visualized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with the KDEL sequence to investigate the changes in the root hair cortical ER in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti using live fluorescence imaging. Uninoculated root hairs displayed dynamic forms of ER, ranging from a highly condensed form to an open reticulum. In the presence of M. loti, a highly dynamic condensed form of the ER linked with the nucleus was found in deformed, curled, and infected root hairs, similar to that in uninoculated and inoculated growing zone I and II root hairs. An open reticulum was primarily found in mature inoculated zone III root hairs, similar to that found in inactive deformed/curled root hairs and infected root hairs with aborted infection threads. Co-imaging of GFP-labeled ER with light transmission demonstrated a correlation between the mobility of the ER and other organelles and the directionality of the cytoplasmic streaming in root hairs in the early stages of infection thread formation and growth. ER remodeling in root hair cells is discussed in terms of possible biological significance during root hair growth, deformation/curling, and infection in the Mesorhizobium-L. japonicus symbiosis.
- Protoplasma.Protoplasma.2013 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the model legume Lotus japonicus was visualized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with the KDEL sequence to investigate the changes in the root hair cortical ER in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti using live fluorescence imaging. Uninoculated
- PMID 24337802
- Hijacking of leguminous nodulation signaling by the rhizobial type III secretion system.
- Okazaki S1, Kaneko T, Sato S, Saeki K.Author information 1Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.AbstractRoot-nodule symbiosis between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) involves molecular communication between the two partners. Key components for the establishment of symbiosis are rhizobium-derived lipochitooligosaccharides (Nod factors; NFs) and their leguminous receptors (NFRs) that initiate nodule development and bacterial entry. Here we demonstrate that the soybean microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium elkanii uses the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is known for its delivery of virulence factors by pathogenic bacteria, to promote symbiosis. Intriguingly, wild-type B. elkanii, but not the T3SS-deficient mutant, was able to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean nfr mutant En1282. Furthermore, even the NF-deficient B. elkanii mutant induced nodules unless T3SS genes were mutated. Transcriptional analysis revealed that expression of the soybean nodulation-specific genes ENOD40 and NIN was increased in the roots of En1282 inoculated with B. elkanii but not with its T3SS mutant, suggesting that T3SS activates host nodulation signaling by bypassing NF recognition. Root-hair curling and infection threads were not observed in the roots of En1282 inoculated with B. elkanii, indicating that T3SS is involved in crack entry or intercellular infection. These findings suggest that B. elkanii has adopted a pathogenic system for activating host symbiosis signaling to promote its infection.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2013 Oct 15;110(42):17131-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302360110. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
- Root-nodule symbiosis between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) involves molecular communication between the two partners. Key components for the establishment of symbiosis are rhizobium-derived lipochitooligosaccharides (Nod factors; NFs) and their leguminous receptors (NFRs
- PMID 24082124
Japanese Journal
- マメ科植物と共生微生物の感染初期過程を制御する宿主植物遺伝子研究の現況(<特集>根粒菌および菌根菌共生-最近の分子遺伝学の進歩)
- 下田 宜司,韓 路,林 晃之 [他],征矢野 敬,横田 圭祐,林 誠,今泉(安楽) 温子
- 植物の生長調節 46(2), 94-102, 2011-12-20
- … In the case of root nodule symbiosis, rhizobia release symbiotic signal molecules, Nod factors (NFs). … In response to compatible rhizobia, root hair curling and the formation of intracellular tubular structure, infection threads (ITs) occur. … In accordance with rhizobial infection through ITs, cortical cell division is triggered and root nodules are developed. …
- NAID 110008897428
- Root hair curling and Rhizobium infection in Medicago truncatula are mediated by phosphatidylinositide-regulated endocytosis and reactive oxygen species
- PELEG-GROSSMAN S.
- J Exp Bot 58, 1637-1649, 2007
- NAID 80018474396
- The HCL gene of Medicago truncatula controls Rhizobium-induced root hair curling
- CATOIRA R.
- Development 128, 1507-1518, 2001
- NAID 80012799608
Related Links
- One of the best characterized biological activities of purified NF is to induce root hair deformation in the appropriate host. Therefore, root hair deformation assays are widely used to evaluate the specificity of NF toward a given legume ...
- Figure 2. Iterative spot application of NF leads to iterative root hair growth axis reorientation, leading to root hair curling. a, Growing root hair after three successive spot applications of NF on ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「根毛弯曲」「根毛彎曲」 |
| 関連記事 | 「root」「curling」 |
「根毛弯曲」
「根毛彎曲」
「root」
- n.
「curling」