respiratory bronchiole

呼吸細気管支

WordNet

1. pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
2. a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator
3. any of the smallest bronchial ducts; ending in alveoli

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
2. 《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/09 19:47:34」(JST)

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Bronchiole
Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view.
Details
Latin	Bronchioli
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1098
Code	TH H3.05.02.0.00005
Dorlands /Elsevier	Bronchioles/A04.411.125
TA	A06.5.02.026
FMA	76497
Anatomical terminology

The bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. They are branches of the bronchi, and are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. The bronchioles divide further into smaller terminal bronchioles which are still in the conducting zone and these then divide into the smaller respiratory bronchioles which mark the beginning of the respiratory region.

Structure

A lobule of the lung showing r. b respiratory bronchiole;al. d alveolar duct;a. s alveolar sac;'a' alveolus;

A pulmonary lobule is the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle. Bronchioles divide into even smaller bronchioles, called terminal, which are 0.5mm or less in diameter. Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into smaller respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts. Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the conducting division of air flow in the respiratory system while respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the respiratory division where actual gas exchange takes place.

The diameter of the bronchioles plays an important role in air flow. The bronchioles change diameter to either increase or reduce air flow. An increase in diameter is called bronchodilation and is stimulated by either epinephrine or sympathetic nerves to increase air flow. A decrease in diameter is called bronchoconstriction and is stimulated by histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, chemical irritants and other factors to decrease air flow.

Bronchioles

The primary bronchi, in each lung, which are the left and right bronchus, give rise to secondary bronchi. These in turn give rise to tertiary bronchi (tertiary meaning third). The tertiary bronchi subdivide into the bronchioles. They are histologically distinct from the tertiary bronchi in that their walls do not have hyaline cartilage and they have club cells in their epithelial lining. The epithelium starts as a simple ciliated columnar epithelium and changes to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium as the bronchioles decreases in size. The diameter of the bronchioles is often said to be less than 1 mm, though this value can actually range from 5 mm to 0.3 mm. As stated, these bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage to maintain their patency. Instead, they rely on elastic fibers attached to the surrounding lung tissue for support. The inner lining (lamina propria) of these bronchioles is thin with no glands present, and is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. As the bronchioles get smaller they divide into terminal bronchioles, these bronchioles mark the end of the conducting zone, which covers the first division through the sixteenth division of the respiratory tract. Alveoli only become present when the conducting zone changes to the respiratory zone, from the sixteenth through the twenty-third division of the tract.

Terminal bronchioles

The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. It branches off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing club cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Club cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension, allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Club cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid.

Respiratory bronchioles

The respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, one fiftieth of an inch across. The bronchi divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles. The bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs. They are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are distal continuations of the respiratory bronchioles.

Clinical significance

Bronchospasm, a potentially life-threatening situation, occurs when the smooth muscular tissue of the bronchioles constricts, severely narrowing their diameter. The most common cause of this is asthma. Bronchospasm is commonly treated by oxygen therapy and bronchodilators.

Diseases of the bronchioles include asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans, respiratory syncytial virus infections, and influenza.

Inflammation

The medical condition of inflammation of the bronchioles is termed bronchiolitis.

Additional images

• Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole

• 1. Trachea
  2. Mainstem bronchus
  3. Lobar bronchus
  4. Segmental bronchus
  5. Bronchiole
  6. Alveolar duct
  7. Alveolus

References

Further reading

• Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
• Dudek, Ronald W. High-Yield Histology, 3rd ed. (2004). ISBN 0-7817-4763-5
• Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Atlas of Histology, 3rd ed. (2000). ISBN 0-7817-3509-2
• Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Textbook of Histology (2001). ISBN 0-7216-8806-3

External links

• Histology image: 13607loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
• Diagram at davidson.edu
• Histology at umdnj.edu
• Histology image: 13606loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 呼吸細気管支炎関連間質性肺疾患 respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease
• 2. 成人における細気管支炎 bronchiolitis in adults
• 3. 特発性間質性肺炎：臨床症状および病理 idiopathic interstitial pneumonias clinical manifestations and pathology
• 4. 間質性肺疾患における肺生検結果の解釈 interpretation of lung biopsy results in interstitial lung disease
• 5. 禁煙の利益とリスク benefits and risks of smoking cessation

English Journal

• An epithelial circadian clock controls pulmonary inflammation and glucocorticoid action.

• Gibbs J1, Ince L2, Matthews L1, Mei J3, Bell T4, Yang N1, Saer B2, Begley N2, Poolman T1, Pariollaud M1, Farrow S5, DeMayo F6, Hussell T4, Worthen GS3, Ray D1, Loudon A2.
• Nature medicine.Nat Med.2014 Aug;20(8):919-26. doi: 10.1038/nm.3599. Epub 2014 Jul 27.
• The circadian system is an important regulator of immune function. Human inflammatory lung diseases frequently show time-of-day variation in symptom severity and lung function, but the mechanisms and cell types underlying these effects remain unclear. We show that pulmonary antibacterial responses a
• PMID 25064128

• Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease.

• Sieminska A, Kuziemski K.
• Orphanet journal of rare diseases.Orphanet J Rare Dis.2014 Jul 11;9(1):106. [Epub ahead of print]
• Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) is a rare, mild inflammatory pulmonary disorder that occurs almost exclusively in current or former heavy smokers, usually between the third and sixth decades, most likely with no gender predilection. The onset is usually insidi
• PMID 25011486

• Chronic granulomatous disease with pulmonary mass-like opacities secondary to hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a case report.

• Katsuya Y1, Hojo M, Kawai S, Kawai T, Onodera M, Sugiyama H.
• Journal of medical case reports.J Med Case Rep.2014 Jul 2;8:242. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-242.
• INTRODUCTION: Chronic granulomatous disease, one of the primary immunodeficiency syndromes, is characterized by failure of phagocytic capacity due to loss of reactive oxygen species production, as well as formation of granulomas in organs. Clinically, dysregulated inflammation by excessive cytokine
• PMID 24989247

Japanese Journal

• 柔軟壁の呼吸器系に組み込まれた閉鎖細気管支の開通に関する計算

• 多羅尾 範郎
• 日本肺サーファクタント・界面医学会雑誌 = Journal of Japanese Medical Society for Lung Surfactant and Biological Interface 43, 19-27, 2012-10-15
• NAID 10031123265

• 多発嚢胞性陰影を呈した human T-cell leukemia virus I 関連気管支肺胞症/細気管支肺胞異常症の1剖検例

• 押方 智也子,釣木澤 尚実,粒来 崇博 [他],鈴木 裕子,堀田 綾子,齋藤 生朗,秋山 一男
• 日本呼吸器学会誌 = Annals of the Japanese Respiratory
• NAID 10030269053

• A Case of Hard Metal Lung Disease Resembling a Hypersensitive Pneumonia in Radiological Images

• Okuno Keiko,Kobayashi Kazuyuki,Kotani Yoshikazu,Ohnishi Hisashi,Ohbayashi Chiho,Nishimura Yoshihiro
• Internal Medicine 49(12), 1185-1189, 2010
• … Since the histological changes distributed terminal to respiratory bronchiole and surrounding alveoli, and macrophages engulfed black granules within the alveoli, in absence of giant cells, we considered this case to be a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis of hard metal lung. …
• NAID 130000251651

Related Links

• Bronchioles - Anatomy, Function, and Diseases

The bronchioles are a part of the respiratory system that are not discussed as often as, say, the bronchi, or alveoli, yet they play an important role in respiration.There are also several medical conditions that occur primarily in the ...

• Respiratory Bronchioles - Yale University

Respiratory Bronchioles This slide shows the transition from a terminal bronchiole, with a low cuboidal epithelium, to respiratory bronchioles, with a squamous epithelium. Terminal bronchioles are last generation of conducting airways.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「呼吸細気管支」
関連記事	「respiratory」

「呼吸細気管支」

　　[★]

英

respiratory bronchiole (Z)

ラ

bronchioli respiratorii

関

気管支、肺、肺胞。呼吸器の上皮の移行

「respiratory」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 呼吸の、呼吸器の、呼吸性の

関

breath、breathe、breathing、respiration、respiratory mechanics、respiratory organ、respiratory tract